tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56513850459639726242023-06-20T07:02:09.215-07:00Buy term papers onlinerovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.comBlogger205125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-11201009839416011362020-09-04T03:16:00.001-07:002020-09-04T03:16:07.201-07:00Reflection Essay- Role Play of Zenur Levon NegotiationReflection Essay-Role Play of Zenur Levon Negotiation Self reflection states about own character, self information, sentiments and own contemplations and which part expected to progress. In other words,Self reflection characterizes ones own shortcoming and qualities and around ones own conduct and experience (Neaum, 2012). In this self reflection, I will clarify about my gathering encounters, Zenurs plan and how we got a best arrangement for our organization through exchange process. In this pretend we followed the arrangement procedure steps like arranging, conversation, bartering about proposition offer and shutting step. Zenur and Levon were notable organizations. Zenur utilized the intelligent model of successfully correspondence during the exchange. The two organizations had same business showcase. This exchange procedure helped the two organizations to think about their shortcoming and qualities. The arrangement of Zenur with Levon went effectively in light of the fact that the two associations had comparative business zones and it was advantageous for both to impact the every others qualities. Zenur got data and information about Levon Company and made arrangement to accomplish their objective and which brought advantage for the two organizations. During the time spent arrangement, we thought of Zenur as a selling organization. We examined about our systems, information, data, thoughts and information which we utilized during the arrangement to persuade Levon Company. Besides this data helped us to accomplish our objective. Zenur and Levon examined their thoughts, their organization objectives, accomplishments and their tentative arrangement with every others while exchange. Since their offer thoughts, information and helping every others assists with getting a decent presentation in bunch exercises (Bernstein, 2015). Levon gave three proposals to take over Zenur Company which was $350 million with full control and $400 with full control of acquition. Zenur Company CEO (pioneer) talked about with Finance administrator (myself) and we rejected this offer in view of some legitimate explanation. Levon and Zenur were haggling and talked about their organizations perspective. The two organizations concurred with $425 million with 5 0-half benefit sharing and will keep and offer advancement to Zenur staff as we talked about with Levon. After this arrangement, the two organizations marked composed agreement and Zenur ensure that Levon will take three months for complete entire procedure. Zenur utilized their methodologies, abilities and styles at the various phases of the arrangement. Zenur meet with their own advantages and plan which assisted with bringing benefits for the two organizations. In the pretend Zenur had the option to improve their offer on the grounds that Zenur concentrated on their offer and attempted to comprehend Levon current issues and their feeling. Through arrangement and haggling, Zenur got manage $425 with 50-half benefit sharing. As an account director, I was clarified the current position, issues and plans of the Zenur organization which will help Zenur and Levon to improve their exhibition. I was attempted to clarified companys legitimate prerequisite and destinations. I clarified why we denied the offer and which are my organization prerequisites? I attempted to concentrate on our organization benefits and get a best arrangement for Zenur. As a money chief, I was attempting to comprehend the Levons conditions and issues. I was an account supervisor who was a one of mediators of the group, I discovered a few characteristics like adaptabilities, capacity to comprehend the others perspective and spotlight on our companys objective. I had the option to posed inquiries and offer responses when its required. I imparted my insights, musings and data with others during this procedure. Since when we working in a gathering group than each colleagues need to need to put forth a valiant effort to accomplish their gath ering objectives and gathering accomplishment (DeVito, 2005). Generally speaking, it was an excellent encounter for me to accomplish work in a gathering which help me figured out how to speak with every others. Likewise we ought to listen others conclusion and thoughts and give regard them. Since listening is significant this can assist us with conveying our back rub clear to other people and assists with improving our conversation (Bernstein, 2015). Besides as an account chief figured out how to make a stride or conversation quickly in any circumstance. In addition, working in bunch play we can build up our connection with every others and help to improve our presentation. I hadnt confronted any language hindrances in my gathering. References Bernstein, E. (2015). How undivided attention causes the two members in a discussion to feel better. The divider road diary, 11-13. Cameron, L. (2010). Instructing dialects to youngâ learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DeVito, J. A. (2005). Basics of human correspondence (fifth ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. Neaum, S. (2012). Language and proficiency ; For the early years. London: Sage Publications Inc. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-46036687644525418312020-08-26T01:53:00.001-07:002020-08-26T01:53:12.283-07:00Cartesian Diver Essayââ¬Å"Cartesianâ⬠is named after the French mathematician and thinker Rene Descartes, who lived from 1596 until 1650. Cartesian jumper lab is utilized ordinarily in logical investigations to show guideline of lightness. The goal of this Cartesian jumper lab is to show Pascalââ¬â¢s law and Archimedesââ¬â¢ standards. Perception is the way to direct this exploratory investigation of the Cartesian jumper. Initial a 2-liter container is loaded up with water to practically right to the top, at that point set up the jumper which is a test tube, fill the test tube around 50-60% with water, place the jumper inside the jug the jumper should drift close to the water surface at that point secure the top on the jug. At the point when the compartment is crushed, the jumper should sink to the base of the holder. Discharge the jug gradually, the jumper should come up backward request. The Cartesian jumper shows that air is compressible and water is incompressible. At the point when the holder is crush, the weight from press is dispersed equivalent all through the compartment and the volume of air in the jumper diminishes due to the expanded weight of the water encompassing the jumper. Since the volume of air inside the jumper diminished, and water topped off where the air use to be, the jumper gets denser and will start to sink if enough weight is applied. It starts to sink since it gets denser so the upward power of the water isn't incredible enough to keep the jumper drifting. At the point when the holder isn't crushed, the jumper will coast back to the top in light of the fact that the weight that was compacting the air in the jumper was remembered so the air could take is typical volume again which make it least thick. In this manner the Cartesian jumper shows the compressibility of a gas, the incompressibility of water. The Cartesian jumper analyze likewise exhibits the Pascalââ¬â¢s law. As indicated by Pascalââ¬â¢s law, when the container is crushed, the applied weight increment all through the jug by a similar sum incorporate within the jumper. The control volume for this lab try is the whole water bottle including the jumper inside. Items buoy or sink because of their thickness. Thickness can be depicted as the measure of weight in a particular volume. An article is light if its relative thickness is not exactly the thickness of the liquid that is encompassing it. As per Archimedesââ¬â¢ guideline, an item will be lightened by a power that is equivalent to the heaviness of water that it dislodges. The air inside the jumper can be packed substantially more effectively than water, in this way the water level inside the jumper increment as the container is queezed because of the weight increment. The applied weight by crushed the jug can be decide by utilizing this condition: P =F/A(1) Where P is the applied weight, F is the power by the fingers and An is the region of the fingers contact the jug 14. 14? cm? ^2. With the applied weight, the weight ascend in the jug dependent on water level change inside the jumper can be gauge by utilizing this condition: P =? gh (2) Where P is the applied weight, ? is the water thickness, g is gravity and h is the stature of the water rise, 0. 3cm. Consolidate condition (1) and (2) the power by the figure rises to 0. 416N and applied weight rises to 29. 43pa The Cartesian jumper analyze exhibits Archimedesââ¬â¢ standards. Articles either buoy or sink due to lightness, lightness is the upward power that keeps objects coasting. In the event that the lightness surpasses the weight, at that point the article drifts and on the off chance that the weight surpasses the lightness, at that point the item sinks, along these lines Neutral lightness is accomplished when the mass of an item approaches the mass it dislodges in an encompassing medium. This counterbalances the power of gravity that would some way or another reason the item to sink. An article that has unbiased lightness will neither sink nor rise. As indicated by Archimedesââ¬â¢ standards the light power following up on a collection of uniform thickness inundated in a liquid is equivalent to the heaviness of the liquid uprooted by the body, and it acts upward through the centroid of the dislodged volume: F_B=? _f gV_sub (3) Where F_B is the lightness power, ? _f is liquid thickness, g is gravity and V_sub is the lower volume. F=mg (4) Where F is the heaviness of the item, m is the mass of the article and g is the gravity. By relating condition (3) and (4) the lightness power rises to 0. 1N and mass of the cylinder is about 1g. PV=? RT (5) Where P is the weight, V is the volume, ? is the thickness, R is the gas steady and T is the temperature. P_2/P_1 =h_1/h_2 (6) Where P_1 the weight ascent of the container, P_2 Pressure ascent of the jumper, h_1 is the stature of weight ascend in jug and h_2 is the tallness of weight ascend in jumper. Cartesian jumper can a ccomplish an impartially light state. Anyway when the Cartesian jumper arrive at the impartially light state it will be a shaky balance like a ball on a slope, a little change can cause to rise or sink once more. The hydrostatic weight is a significant factor in the Cartesian jumper, the hydrostatic weight is the weight applied by a liquid at balance because of the power of gravity. The hydrostatic weight of the water increment as the jumper sinks, for this specific Cartesian jumper a little change in hydrostatic weight will influence the jumper to sink, rise or remain and the way to accomplish the jumper to remain impartially light is the exact estimation of how far the jumper sinks before it sinks totally or drifts. The rule of lightness of a submarines are fundamentally the same as the Cartesian jumper. Submarines can control their lightness by siphoning air into the balance tanks builds the submarineââ¬â¢s lightness and permits it to buoy to the surface like Cartesian jumper at starting state when there is sufficient air within the jumper, the Cartesian jumper can likewise control lightness relies upon how hard the individual crushed the container. Submarines could likewise discharging air and permitting water to fill the balance tanks to diminishes the submarineââ¬â¢s lightness and permits it to sink, like the Cartesian jumper when the jug is crushed, the water level in jumper increment which additionally decline its lightness, so the Cartesian jumper sinks. For submarines to arrive at impartial lightness, the water filling in the counterweight tanks must be exact so the lightness power will equivalents to the heaviness of submarine, like the Cartesian jumper when the applied power is perfect, the jumper will to arrive at unbiased lightness. The Cartesian jumper lab shows the crucial standards of Pascalââ¬â¢s law and lightness. At the underlying condition of the Cartesian jumper, the jumper coasts on the water. In light of lightness is more prominent than the diverââ¬â¢s weight at that point as jug is crushed the weight increment consistently which cause the jumper increment its water level which decline its lightness so it drops to the base of the container. At the point when the container is discharge the jumper ascend to top of the water again because of the weight that was compacting the air in the jumper was remembered so the air could take is ordinary volume again which expanded the lightness back to its underlying state. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-56861803340085762162020-08-22T21:40:00.001-07:002020-08-22T21:40:36.209-07:00Accounting Theory Volkswagen - Myassignmenthelp.comQuestion: Talk about theAccounting Theory for Volkswagen. Answer: Presentation As and when business insurgencies have gotten effective in achieving new noteworthy occasions, the degree of present day chances of organizations have gotten extraordinary versatile to envision. In addition, each sort of outrage will in general fall apart the generosity everything being equal, in this manner influencing their prosperity and advancement. The ongoing embarrassment of Volkswagen is out and out relatable to such. It has exceptionally put the altruism of the organization in question because of the ongoing disclosures of destruction gadgets. This paper is a liberal and submitted dare to research and assess the importance and viable reasonableness of bookkeeping speculations, considering the embarrassment of Volkswagen discharge. The examination and assessment will encourage in better comprehension of the idea, practices and speculations of bookkeeping. Out of all the car outrages, the embarrassment of testing of Volkswagen discharge by a thrashing gadget has been respected the greatest. The US Environmental Protection Agency depicts such a gadget as hardware, that can limit the proficiency of outflow control frameworks under conditions a vehicle can sensibly experience (Klinger, 2016). With the help of this outflow testing, minimization of discharges of nitrogen oxide and torque gets simpler, that is diverse when ordinary circumstances emerge. A partner is describable as an unmistakable body that can't just prompt accomplishment of hierarchical objectives yet may likewise act naturally incited by these authoritative objectives. From the accompanying figure, the recognizable proof of partners of Volkswagen gets simpler (Volkswagen, 2015). In the Volkswagen gathering, there are principally four significant partners, for example, clients, capital market, accomplices, and the general public all in all. The prompt effects of the embarrassment of Volkswagen are plainly owing to the way that the portions of the gathering bounced upwards around to 33%. Thus, it was the financial specialists and investors of the gathering that at last endured because of the embarrassment since they applied enormous trust, desires, and assets on the portions of the organization. Thus, the organization needed to lose its altruism and trust upon the psyches of these financial specialists and partners. Furthermore, it must be outstanding that the accomplices like providers, key accomplices, representatives, business and so on of Volkswagen give due unmistakable quality to fulfillment of clients, maintainability, unbiased chances, heath, wellbeing and so forth. In any case, because of the outrage, enormous vulnerabilities and instabilities related with Volkswagens up and coming future have ascended on the brains of the accomplices that they have chosen to dispose of the organization (Fracarolli Lee, 2016). Moreover, the general public as an essential partner of Volkswagen bunch involves city specialists, administrators, social working gatherings and so on. The worries of the clients and the general public are recognizable to compare corresponding to atmosphere, security of vehicles, and matters of natural assurance. By and by, due to the outrage, these worries of clients and the general public are profoundly in question. The destruction gadget presented by the Volkswagen bunch on around 40000 Volkswagen diesels proceed onward the United States streets. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has forced a substantial fine of around $37500 per vehicle and a most extreme fine of around $18bn for negation of legal guidelines and guidelines. The supply of Volkswagen declined by roughly 20%, the Chief Executive Officer surrendered, and an examination started by the branch of United States (Bryant Milne, 2015). On September 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has absolved Volkswagen of contradicting trial of US discharges. Corresponding to this, Volkswagen has given 4.8bn (6.7bn) to top off the costs fundamental for renouncing vehicles with cheat gadgets in colossal sums, for example, 2.4 million in Germany, 8.5 million in Europe, 500000 in United States, and 1.2 million in United Kingdom. Because of such tremendous spending, Volkswagen needed to experience loss of around 2.5bn during the time of October 2015. On an entire, Volkswagen apparently repudiated the code of morals that each organization of United States must hold fast to with respect to the legal compliances in the workplace. The administration plans of Volkswagen are describable by different speculations of money related bookkeeping. Comparable to the Legitimacy hypothesis, each association must guarantee that their exercises are not impeding to general intrigue. As such, their exercises must be as per the guidelines and standards of society where they have a place. The hypothesis of authenticity demonstrates that the worth arrangement of associations adjusts to that of the general public and this can be set through the legitimation methodology (Janssen, 2013). In the present situation, it is the obligation of each association to work according to the desires for open and this incorporates both the verifiable and unequivocal desire. Moreover, the issues relatable to condition, social, and human all in all must likewise be address by an association. The activities of an organization must affirm of social authenticity. Such authenticity is viable by associations by presenting the arrangement of open revela tion through examining ecological and social detailing. Administrative, moral, and partner hypotheses additionally have an impact. It is the companys obligation to treat appropriately the entirety of their partners in a reasonable and equivalent way. According to the Ethical branch, each partner seeks after a privilege to data if there should be an occurrence of irreconcilable situations. In addition, the establishment of destruction gadget as a working gadget was unlawful as well as shameless. The references of decoupling and isomorphism institutional hypotheses are especially out of luck. In isomorphism, incredible partners of the association modify the institutional practices by applying pressure on the association. In decoupling, the practices clung to by the administration isn't like that of the general practices related with social and natural mindfully. The administration of Volkswagen must acknowledge obligations because of the reality it is at risk for the outrage. It must record and work for those activities seeing them as a privilege to data. Besides, revealing is the most extreme obligation of an organization regardless of whether it isn't vital. The partners hypothesis administrative branch portrays how an administration must fulfill the desires for partners by continuing key targets of the association and normally sticking to the divulgence strategy of its exercises. In this way, all data in regards to the social execution and budgetary bookkeeping of an association must be promptly accessible to the partners. The monetary bookkeeping speculations, for example, Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory, and Institutional Theory like decoupling and isomorphism are inferable in the Volkswagen emanation outrage. The authenticity hypothesis assumes a key job in making associations between network desires and friends revelations. The administration is under a commitment to hold fast to moral issues just as its exhibition (Balbir, 2016). It depends on the honorableness of an organization that permits it to achieve authenticity and capacities to flourish. The partner hypothesis works where the board capacities so as to fulfill the desires for partners by ordinary after of the strategy of revelations. The institutional speculations of decoupling and isomorphism are noteworthy as it is related to both strong effort of weight of ground-breaking partners and the altruism of an association with different exposure arrangements on the social and ecological issues (Balbir, 2016). Consequently, all the previously mentioned hypotheses of monetary bookkeeping are extremely applicable so as to comprehend the embarrassment instance of Volkswagen emanation testing in the perspective of good exercises. It is exceptionally essential that either the current speculations can execute different practices to arrive at the goals or new hypotheses are important to create. Bookkeeping hypotheses are that standards in a rule structure that give a successful comprehension on the best way to productively complete the bookkeeping rehearses, how to build up the equivalent, and how to assess it. A decent business chiefly relies on trust and notoriety (Duffer, 2015). As such, people who are driving their vehicles, in the event that are not palatable to the wellbeing of their vehicles, at that point that organization is by all methods blameworthy due to its practices and resistance must be charged considering both the partner bookkeeping hypothesis (moral branch) and authenticity hy pothesis. Volkswagen expects to rotate around rehearses that are important for all workers of the organization to follow (Elson et. al, 2015). Be that as it may, the organization negated the code of morals, accordingly losing its notoriety and trust in the brains of the partners. Moreover, negation of this moral implicit rules will pull in subject results according to the law and it will lead towards hampering of connections between a business and worker (Plungis Hull, 2015). The current examination has been extremely successful for a superior clarification of the speculations, ideas, and practices of bookkeeping. The evaluation of their importance in the perspective of the embarrassment of Volkswagen outflow testing has likewise been enlightening. Besides, this examination has additionally been valuable in filling in as a divulgence as saw investigating an at no other time outrage of such a tremendous size, that is affected by one of the strongest car organizations. Additionally, it has likewise served a job in depicting the prime ecological issues and their interests related to emanations of carbon and nitrogen oxide (Loehr, 2015). In conclusion, this investigation additionally assumes a huge job in giving the perusers a viable comprehension on the few partners in the matter of Volks rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-9248525605536437742020-08-22T06:33:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:33:33.702-07:00Culture, Technology, and Expansion Discussion EssayCulture, Technology, and Expansion Discussion - Essay Example in which an entire scope of political and social examples just as organizations that have been customarily viewed as a major aspect of the European history were framed. During this period, a scope of social characters and political limits were created in numerous European nations that included Germany, France, Italy, Iberia, British Isles, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The time from 1000 to 1300 was when there happened a chain response as far as headways in the general public, political life and economy which prompted the improvement of new customs in workmanship and writing, grant, theory and religion. A greater part of these patterns have become inherent highlights of the contemporary European culture. Innovation assumed a significant job in this social development. The fast difference in economy in the medieval Europe can in a general sense be ascribed to the developments in horticulture, extension of regions and recognizable proof of more up to date development strategies for the improvement of urban communities which was not reachable without the progression of rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-13006034777065521272020-08-21T19:22:00.001-07:002020-08-21T19:22:22.980-07:00The Secret Circle The Captive Chapter Eight Free Essaysstring(38) stripped bulb dangling from the rafters. ââ¬Å"It was a hurricane,â⬠Diana said. It was Monday, and Diana was back in school, still somewhat sniffly, however in any case well. They were talking before American history class; it was the principal chance Cassie had needed to address Diana alone. We will compose a custom paper test on The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Eight or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now She hadnââ¬â¢t needed to bring the inquiry up before the others. ââ¬Å"A hurricane?â⬠she said now. Diana gestured. ââ¬Å"We get them from time to time. That year it hit with for all intents and purposes no admonition, and the scaffold to the territory was overflowed. Many individuals got captured on the island, and many individuals got killed.â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m so sorry,â⬠Cassie said. All things considered, you see; thereââ¬â¢s a consummately sensible clarification all things considered, she was thinking. How might she have been so moronic as to have gone crazy over this? A cataclysmic event clarified everything. What's more, when Cassie had gotten some information about the hill at the graveyard the previous evening, the elderly person had seen her, squinting, lastly stated, was there a hill at the old covering ground? On the off chance that there was, it may be a type of fortification a spot for putting away ammo in one of the old wars. Once more, a basic clarification. Shrub and Melanie came in and took situates before Cassie and Diana. Cassie took a full breath. ââ¬Å"Melanie, I returned to the burial ground yesterday to search for your gem however I still couldnââ¬â¢t discover it. Iââ¬â¢m sorry; I surmise itââ¬â¢s gone for good,â⬠she said. Melanieââ¬â¢s dark eyes were mindful and genuine. ââ¬Å"Cassie, I revealed to you that night it didnââ¬â¢t matter. The main thing I wish is that you and Adam and Nick and Deborah hadnââ¬â¢t run off without all of us. It was dangerous.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know,â⬠Cassie said delicately. ââ¬Å"But right then it didnââ¬â¢t appear to be perilous or possibly, it did, yet I didnââ¬â¢t have the opportunity to consider how risky it truly was. I simply needed to discover whatever murdered Jeffrey.â⬠She saw Melanie and Diana exchange a look; Melanie astonished and Diana rather priggish. Cassie felt enigmatically awkward. ââ¬Å"Did Adam disclose to you anything about what we were discussing out in the cemetery?â⬠she asked Diana. ââ¬Å"About Faye and Sally?â⬠Diana calmed. ââ¬Å"Yes. However, itââ¬â¢s all ludicrous, you know. Sally could do nothing like that, and with respect to Fayeâ⬠¦ well, she might be troublesome now and again, yet she surely isnââ¬â¢t fit for executing anybody.â⬠Cassie opened her mouth, and wound up taking a gander at Melanie, whose dark eyes currently reflected something like head-shaking skepticism. She glanced back at Diana rapidly and stated, ââ¬Å"No, Iââ¬â¢m sure youââ¬â¢re right,â⬠however she wasnââ¬â¢t. Melanie was correct; Diana was excessively trusting, excessively credulous. No one knew better than Cassie exactly what Faye was prepared to do. Ms. Lanning was beginning class. Shrub and Melanie turned around, and Cassie opened her book and attempted to keep her brain on history. That whole school week was odd. Jeffreyââ¬â¢s demise had planned something for the untouchable understudies; it was not the same as different passings. Kori had been a Club part, or for all intents and purposes, and the head hadnââ¬â¢t been well known. Be that as it may, Jeffrey was a football legend, one of their own, a person pretty much everybody preferred and respected. His demise upset individuals in an alternate manner. The murmurs began unobtrusively. Be that as it may, by Wednesday Sally was stating straightforwardly that Faye and the Club had killed Jeffrey. Pressure was working between Club individuals and the remainder of the school. Just Diana appeared to be unconscious of it, looking stunned when Melanie proposed that the Circle probably won't be welcome at Jeffreyââ¬â¢s burial service. ââ¬Å"We need to go,â⬠she stated, and they went, with the exception of Faye. With respect to Fayeâ⬠¦ Faye went through the week discreetly fuming. She hadnââ¬â¢t excused Suzan and Deborah for assisting with preparing Cassie for the move, she hadnââ¬â¢t pardoned Nick for scorning her, and she hadnââ¬â¢t pardoned the remainder of them for seeing her embarrassment. The main individuals she wasnââ¬â¢t enraged with were the Henderson siblings. When Jeffreyââ¬â¢s demise was referenced, she looked hard and clandestine. Consistently Cassie expected to get a call with some peculiar new interest, some new coercion. In any case, for the occasion, Faye appeared to disregard her. It was Friday evening, vehicle pooling home after school, that Laurel referenced the Halloween move. ââ¬Å"Of course youââ¬â¢re coming, Cassie,â⬠she said as they dropped Cassie off at Number Twelve. ââ¬Å"You need to. Also, youââ¬â¢ve got a lot of time, fourteen days, to consider someone to ask.â⬠Cassie strolled into the house with her legs feeling feeble. Another move? She couldnââ¬â¢t trust it. One thing she knew: It couldnââ¬â¢t be in any way similar to the last one. She wouldnââ¬â¢t let it be. Sheââ¬â¢d do what Laurel stated, sheââ¬â¢d discover someone to go with-and afterward sheââ¬â¢d simply stay with him the whole time. Someone, anyone. Sean, perhaps. Cassie recoiled. All things considered, perhaps not anyone. Starved for consideration as he seemed to be, Sean may wind up being a difficult himself. She may never dispose of him. No, Cassie required some person to be an escort and that's it. Some person who might in no way, shape or form get keen on her, under any conditions. Some person whoââ¬â¢d be totally impassive. . . A dream flashed through her psyche, of mahogany eyes, rich and profound and completely impartial. Scratch. Scratch didnââ¬â¢t even like young ladies. What's more, Faye wouldnââ¬â¢t care; Faye wasnââ¬â¢t in any event, addressing Nick any longer. Scratch would be protected however would he ever need to go with her to a move? Just a single method to discover, she thought. Scratch was Deborahââ¬â¢s cousin, and lived with her folks at Number Two Crowhaven Road. The peach-shaded house was run-down, and the carport was generally open, demonstrating the vehicle Nick was consistently chipping away at. Adam had said it was a ââ¬â¢69 Mustang car, which was something uncommon. Directly right now, however, it resembled a skeleton up on squares. At the point when Cassie strolled in late that evening, Nick was twisted around the workbench, his dim hair sparkling faintly in the light of the stripped bulb swinging from the rafters. You read The Secret Circle: The Captive Chapter Eight in class Article models He was accomplishing something with a screwdriver to a section. ââ¬Å"Hi,â⬠Cassie said. Scratch fixed up. He didnââ¬â¢t look amazed to see her, however then Nick never looked astounded. He didnââ¬â¢t look especially glad to see her either. He was wearing a T-shirt so secured with oil recolors that it was hard to peruse the trademark underneath, however faintly Cassie could make out the odd words Friends donââ¬â¢t let companions drive Chevys. Cassie made a sound as if to speak. Simply stroll in and ask him, sheââ¬â¢d thought-yet now that was ending up being unimaginable. After a second or two of gazing at her, pausing, Nick thought down at the workbench. ââ¬Å"I was simply strolling to Dianaââ¬â¢s,â⬠Cassie said brilliantly. ââ¬Å"And I thought Iââ¬â¢d make a trip and state hi.â⬠ââ¬Å"Hi,â⬠Nick stated, without turning upward. Cassieââ¬â¢s mouth was dry. What had ever constructed her figure she could ask a person to a move? So imagine a scenario in which heaps of folks had needed to hit the dance floor with her last time; that had presumably quite recently been an accident. What's more, Nick surely hadnââ¬â¢t been staying nearby her. She attempted to make her voice sound easygoing. ââ¬Å"So what are you doing â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ She had intended to ask ââ¬Å"for the Halloween danceâ⬠however her throat shut everything down she froze. Rather she completed in a squeak, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ right now?â⬠ââ¬Å"Rebuilding the carburetor,â⬠Nick answered quickly. ââ¬Å"Oh,â⬠Cassie said. She looked her psyche urgently for some other subject of discussion. ââ¬Å"Umâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ She got a little metal ball from the workbench. ââ¬Å"So-whatââ¬â¢s this for?â⬠ââ¬Å"The carburetor.â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh.â⬠Cassie took a gander at the little ball. ââ¬Å"Uh, Nick, you know, I was simply wonderingâ⬠-she began to interfere with the ball down-ââ¬Å"whether you may, um, need to-oops.â⬠The ball had shot out of her sweat-soaked fingers like a watermelon seed, arriving with a ping some place under the workbench and vanishing. Cassie looked into, stunned, and Nick pummeled down the screwdriver and swore. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m sorry-legit, Nick, Iââ¬â¢m sorry-ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"What the damnation did you need to contact it for? What are you doing here, anyway?â⬠ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Cassie took a gander at his furious face and the remainder of her fearlessness left her. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m sorry, Nick,â⬠she wheezed once more, and she fled. Out of the carport and down the garage. Without deduction she turned right when she got to the road, heading back for her own home. She didnââ¬â¢t need to go to Dianaââ¬â¢s, at any rate Adam was likely there. She strolled up Crowhaven Road, her cheeks despite everything consuming and her heart pounding. It had been a moronic thought from the earliest starting point. Suzan was correct; Nick was an iguana. He didnââ¬â¢t have any typical human feelings. Cassie hadnââ¬â¢t anticipated that him should need to go to the hit the dance floor with her in any case; sheââ¬â¢d just idea perhaps he wouldnââ¬â¢t mind, in light of the fact that heââ¬â¢d been pleasant to her in the engine compartment that night. Be that as it may, presently heââ¬â¢d demonstrated his real nature. She was simply happy she hadnââ¬â¢t really asked him before sheââ¬â¢d failed that would have been a definitive humiliation. Indeed, even as it seemed to be, however, her chest felt tight and hot and her eyes felt sore. She kept her head cautiously high as she passed Melanieââ¬â¢s house, and afterward Laurelââ¬â¢s. She didnââ¬â¢t need to see both of them. The sun had quite recently set and the shading was depleting out of everything. It gets d rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-25463296430745523992020-08-12T12:29:00.001-07:002020-08-12T12:29:02.499-07:00Show your creativity the Year of the PigShow your creativity the Year of the Pig A little more than a year ago, we here on the blogs were celebrating the Year of the Dog. The celebration featured my favorite dog and admissions mascot, Evie Cummings. This initial photoshopping of Evie spawned a mini-contest, initiated by Ben: As you know if you follow Matts blog, my colleague Joannes dog Evie is somewhat of an office mascot. What you may not know is that Joanne is, like me, a die-hard Lost fan. Not only does she love the riveting storylines and character development, she also thinks Sawyer is cute. So last week, I combined her two loves into a desktop for her computer: Some of last years entries: 1 2 3 4 5 Now, as New Year approaches, so begins another mini-contest. This coming year is the Year of the Pig. So, as has become the tradition, well celebrate it with my favorite pig in the world! [I promise you, the below biography is true] Peggy (Pigasus) Peggy grew up in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, and started her ascent to stardom by starring in the Abercrombie Fitch Summer 2002 catalog. Following her print appearance, she played a cameo in the first episode of CSI: Miami. She spent the following year touring to libraries and charity events and finally decided she was exhausted with the glam life and retired to the mountains of South Carolina where she currently enjoys walks in the backyard and eating acorns. Ian Brelinsky 06 (EE) was an active member of the Dormitory Council and the Simmons Hall community. He currently lives in Washington, D.C. and works as a technology strategist in his days and is an active Educational Counselor for MIT in his spare time. Ian and Peggy have been best friends since 2001. Here are some pictures of Peggy, starting with one from the famous AF catalog: Without further ado, I present this years New Year favorite animal mini-contest. The objective: Create imagery celebrating Peggy. The categories: Peggy and the Year of the Pig (similar to New Year Evie above) Peggy in a interesting or funny scenario (similar to Lost Evie above).Well have winners in each category. The rules: Remember, Peggy is my favorite pig in the world. No demeaning or defacing her. You can submit a photoshopped picture, something hand drawn (comic style, manga style, whatever), a Flash animation, or whatever you like. If youre photoshopping Peggy, use the images above (theyre the best Ian had available). Im hoping to see some fun photoshopped images! Im also hoping to see some nice hand drawn entries points go to a cute manga Peggy. Youll have to scan it in yourself, though. Submit your entry either by leaving a link to it in the comments, or by emailing me your file. My email address is my last name at mit dot edu. This will have no impact on your admissions application. Dont enter just to butter us up; also, dont fear that entering will harm your application. There is no prize for winning except that Ill publish your entry here on the blog. Ill publish some favorites on New Year, so get me your entries by midday on this Sunday, February 18. Have fun! (And, in case youre curious, I have no idea what well do next year) rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-52359823326916047182020-06-24T20:54:00.001-07:002020-06-24T20:54:02.079-07:00Argumentative Essay on Firearm Control in the U.S.Firearm Control in U.S. The mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School increased my interest on the essence of controlling firearm. I strongly believe that everyone is entitled to a safe environment and as such freedom of life in general. Currently, gun-related deaths have become rampant in the United States. There are various positive arguments that support the use of gun in certain circumstances. For instance, victims of rape, assault, and robberies are less likely to suffer in case they arm themselves with guns. Nevertheless, increased gun related mortality and injury has led to the establishment of firearm control policies(Wuest). Among the western countries, the U.S gun control laws are the most lenient. This infringes on citizenââ¬â¢s rights to life and liberty when people in possession of guns engage in gun violence. Approximately one hundred thousand shootings occur in the U.S. annually( Carter). This creates despair among families and friends whose relatives die or suffer serious injuries. Further, careless gun shootings have led to a drastic decline in life expectancy in the U.S(Wuest). In addition, personal firearm ownership has increased gun suicide and domestic violence. Therefore, there is a significant need to control loss of life through gun shooting and suicide. The right to own a gun and use it for self-protection has been considered American culture for a long period. Nonetheless, I believe that the government should reconsider the right and put certain restrictions such as age limit. Further, people who make bad use of guns should be punished. This will not only reduce gun related deaths, but will also eliminate the instances of domestic violence. In addition, firearm ownership should be controlled in order to protect innocent people who lose their lives from gun related incidents. Works Cited Carter, Gregg Lee. Gun Control in the United States. Revised. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2008. Wuest, Michael E. The Great American Gun Control Debate. Illustrated. Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2010. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-88103863727767899722020-05-23T21:03:00.001-07:002020-05-23T21:03:04.785-07:00King of Shadows the Relationship Between Nat and... In the ââ¬ËKing of Shadowsââ¬â¢, Nathan and Shakespeareââ¬â¢s bond grew stronger and stronger every chapter as they know more about each other and their love for acting and the stage. Nathan and Shakespeare connected with each other as Nathan is always trying to do his best at acting, surprising Shakespeare with the things he could do, such as his acrobatics skills. When Nathan met Shakespeare for the first time, all he wanted to do is be closer to him. ââ¬ËWilliam Shakespeare. It was as if heââ¬â¢d said, ââ¬ËSay hello to God.ââ¬â¢ I stared down at the stage, speechless. I suppose we were ten feet or so above him, for a moment I couldnââ¬â¢t move ââ¬â and then more than anything I wanted to be closer to him.ââ¬â¢ This could show that even before they met, Nathan knew thatâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Paulââ¬â¢s boys. ââ¬ËWill Shakespeare came from behind me, pulled up a stool and sat down to watch Burbage paint. Gladness at seeing him sent sudden warmth into my throat and my chest; a wonderful feeling, but oddly like pain.ââ¬â¢ This shows that Nathan feels safe around Shakespeare and leaving Shakespeare to go to St Paulââ¬â¢s Boys felt like going out to a dangerous world. Shakespeare and Nathan shared a same passion for acting on stage, as it felt like a different world which you can change who you are, and a world which you can ignore reality. ââ¬ËThis was his world, this was what he did and who he was, and I knew exactly how he was feeling, because the same was true for me.ââ¬â¢ Even when Shakespeare was acting in ââ¬ËA Midsummer Nightââ¬â¢s Dreamââ¬â¢, Nathan felt as if he was the leader, the one with authority, and the King of Fairyland and of the whole world. This made Nathan, in the character of Puck, his loyal servant. In the play, Nathan and Shakespeare were Puck and Oberon, together. ââ¬ËThere we were, the two of us, at the heart of this happy gathering of three thousand people, at the heart of this fantastical play: together in the centre of the stage, Will Shakespeare and me.ââ¬â¢ Nathan knew the perfections Shakespeare wants in his plays, and Nathan, even-though he did a lot of thribbling when he was playing Boy in the last minute; Shakespeare was amazed at how he learnt his lines.Show MoreRelated Importance of Thinking in Troilus and Criseyde and Hamlet Essay3509 Words à |à 15 Pagesrecent and grudging acknowledgement of the idea. Directly, afterwards, Hamlet remarks that he could be ââ¬Å"bounded in a nutshellâ⬠except for his ââ¬Å"bad dreamsâ⬠(2.2.260-262). And, no these dreams are not ââ¬Å"ambit ions,?as Guildenstern argues, dreams are ââ¬Å"shadowsâ⬠The bitterness inherent in this comment is as thick as pea soup. Revenge is all that remains and bookish words by their very nature may not be part of such a plan (1.5.99-102). At one point, Polonius remarks that love is the ââ¬Å"very cause of hisRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words à |à 209 Pagescomprehensive of the grimoires, or handbooks of magic. The attribution to the Andalusian mathematician al-Majriti (or al-Madjriti) (d. ca. 1004-7) is considered pseudo-epigraphic. The Latin translation dates to 1256 and the court of Alphonso the Wise, king of Castille, and exerted a considerable influence on Western magic thereafter. It is said that much of Ficinoââ¬â¢s astrological magic derives from the Picatrix (see I.P.Couliano, Eros and Magic in the Renaissance, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-41109620385632292702020-05-18T17:54:00.001-07:002020-05-18T17:54:14.401-07:00Communism and the Political and Economic Theory - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 627 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Communism Essay Did you like this example? Karl Marx developed the political and economic theory of communism, in which, wealth is divided equally within the social classes. The goal of communism to ensure that all people, regardless of race, religion, disabilities, and so on are seen as completely equal in wealth and value. Communism is thus a form of socialismâ⬠a higher and more advanced form (Dagger). Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Communism and the Political and Economic Theory" essay for you Create order The United States government and other capitalist countries watch as the wealthy strive and the poor die in debt and starvation. The government, to be as perfect as possible, should and must convert to communism for the greater good of the people to live in peace and harmony by eliminating all private property, as well as getting rid of social classes. In a pure communist society, there is a lack of individualism; no private ownership, no social classes, and no one person ideas affecting societal believes. Limiting individualism shows no one in a communist society is more valuable than another and everyone is of equal of value. Marx set to destroy the idea of individualism by, eliminating private property and making all lands open and shared by everyone in the community, expressing his values saying, The less you are, the more you have; the less you express your own life, the greater is your alienated life-the greater is the store of your estranged being (Marx). Marx saw the idea of private property ownership and how it causes people of higher wealth creates a divide with lesser wealth due to the inequality of the amount of owned property as a threat to the equality of people. With private property gone, social classes will also start to dissipate and fall due to the equality of possession of land, the outcome of which would creat e the harmonization of all citizens to be equal in terms of possessions. As Marx said,The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relationships, the dominant material relationships grasped as ideas (Marx). In addition, people will all belong to one social leading to many benefits like health equality, economic equality, and equal opportunity. According to Marxs materialist theory, history is a series of class struggles and revolutionary upheavals, leading ultimately to freedom for all (Dagger). Social classes connect all of Marxs beliefs together in why Capitalism is wrong. Capitalism allows people to be higher than one another, it allows people to stand against the system, it allows workers and citizens to be taken advantage of. Karl Marx was noted to have valued equal opportunity, The oppressed are allowed once every few years to decide which particular representatives of the oppressing class are to represent and repress them (Marx). To get rid of social class, it would allow lower class members and middles class members to have the same opportunities as higher class members; thus allowing the same opportunities for true equality. Discrimination between the social class and writing will be abolished, no person will think they are greater as a person. In result, all humans will be purely equal in wealth and in value. With the abolishment of inequality between the people of social classes and private property, this creates further equilibrium within society and freedom for each citizen. The United States would severely benefit from switching to a pure communist government as it would eliminate poverty, racial tensions, and possibly so much more that we as a country need to heal. Without change, the American people will soon realize all the negatives effects that come with a Capitalist system. Works Cited Ball, Terence, and Richard Dagger. Communism. Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclop?à ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 4 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/communism. Accessed 10/31/18 Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, Jones G. Stedman, and Karl Marx. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. Print. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-42608002468825914362020-05-12T20:05:00.001-07:002020-05-12T20:05:03.650-07:00Characteristics Of A Child With Cystic Fibrosis Or Down s... When a child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis or down s syndrome a series of genetic testing is performed. Probability is used in everyday life such as weather, life expectancy, financial markets and even medical testing. It is a part of mathematics that deals in calculating different outcomes and whether it will or will not occur. For example, the probability of flipping a coin in the air and it landing on heads or tails would be 1 because .5 can be equal odds of landing or not landing. Probability links the mathematical world of theoretical model and the empirical world of data collection, it is used in a wide variety of ways especially in modern science today. Gregor Johann Mendel was born July 22, 1822 in Austria. He was raised on his parents farm and did good in school to graduate from high school at the age of 18. After high school he continued his education the The University of Olomouc where he studied subjects like physics, mathematics, and philosophy. At the age of 21 Gregor spoke to his teachers regarding his finacial situation and how he was having difficulties paying for school. One of his professors advised him to look into The Abbey of St. Thomas and possibly becoming a monk. This monastery was very interested in science and he could continue learning science and afford it here. In 1849 Gregor, not being to fond of his profession of being a monk, decided to try and presu being a high school teacher. When he failed the high school teaching exam in rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-84841938380977446202020-05-06T21:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:01:27.568-07:00Public Communication Project Domestic Violence - 889 Words For my public communication project, I decided to go with something that is overlooked by many Americans, especially college students, which is domestic violence. Although, I have firsthand witnessed domestic violence growing up, I still found things that truly shocked me. For instance, (Safehorizon.org) reported that 1 in every 4 women is involved in some type of domestic violent relationship within their life. (Safehorizon.org) I would have never thought it was so common, especially in America. Other things that I found interesting was (Newdestinyhousing.org) reported that 33.33 percentage of homeless people in New York City were survivors of domestic violence. (Newdestinyhousing.org) One does not think of things like that and just judges people who are homeless. They assume homeless people are lazy, but in reality that isnââ¬â¢t true at all. I stumbled upon (Woodbridgedvrt.org) and it laid out the different types of violence and it truly shocked me. (Woodbridgedvrt.org) So man y people assume women can ââ¬Å"just leave.â⬠This is a horrible myth. If you have a child, how can you just leave and let your child live on the streets? You simple donââ¬â¢t and you toughen it out. I didnââ¬â¢t realize the various types of domestic violence and this project truly educated me on the various types. If I grew up a portion of my life in a domestic violent house and still had no idea on some of these things, how could people that didnââ¬â¢t grow up in that environment understand? That is why I chose theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Social Cognitive Career Theory On The Empowerment Of Battered Women958 Words à |à 4 Pagesnegative legal experiences which decrease the battered womanââ¬â¢s self-efficacy and empowerment pursuits as well as interests and goals. Qualitative research on domestic violence has long documented the debilitating impacts it has on womenââ¬â¢s sense of self (see, e.g. Hoff, 1990; Kirkwood, 1993 in Westmarland and Kelly 1097). As domestic violence is likely to have pervasive negative effects on a woman and their occupation regarding self-efficacy, this article suggests that ââ¬Å"with the application of theRead MoreOffice : Victim Services Program Director1587 Words à |à 7 PagesGeneral s Office: Victim Services Program Director 1. How do you define, talk about, and understand domestic violence (DV) /interpersonal violence (IPV)? Ms. Latimore defines domestic violence as a pattern of physical, sexual, and/or psychological abuse or the threat of abuse used to get and maintain control over another person in a domestic setting. She says intimate partner violence (IPV) is violence in an intimate relationship by one spouse or a partner onto another spouse or partner. She says thatRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Relationships1379 Words à |à 6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence One of the biggest problems that have been happening in some households over the last numbers of years is intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV has been identified as a world-wide public health concern (Kulwicki and Miller, 1999). The term intimate partner violence has been defined as the physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual abuse between a person and their spouse, this includes cohabitation and marriage. This type of violence will usually involve harm/control from oneRead MorePeace Domestic Violence Agency Essay2172 Words à |à 9 PagesPEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 - Program Summary Axia ââ¬â University of Phoenix STUDENTââ¬â¢S NAME Date, 2009 OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM PEACE Domestic Violence Agency provides a variety of ways to improve the efficiency of domesticated issues, servicing victims of sexual assaults and domestic violence. Their central focus is derived from a strategic mission statement, consequential approach, which essentially regulates the businessââ¬â¢ calculated goals. Central Focus: I.) Decrease victimRead MoreSocial Media Contributions Against Gender Based Violence1400 Words à |à 6 PagesWeb: Social Media Contributions Against Gender-Based Violence in Turkey Ozgecan Aslan lost her life while taking the bus home when the bus driver ââ¬Å"allegedly bludgeoned her with a crowbar, stabbed her to death, and cut off her hands to hide the evidenceâ⬠(Khazan 2015, 1) because she resisted rape. According to a UNICEF report, ââ¬Å"globally, women aged between fifteen and forty-four are more likely to be injured or die as a result of male violence than through cancer, traffic accidents, malaria and warRead MoreA Program For Change : The Exposure Of Peoples Experiences, Stories And Opinions About Harassment953 Words à |à 4 Pagesof peoplesââ¬â¢ experiences, stories and opinions about harassment Hollaback. (2015). You have the power to end harassment. Retrieved from http://toronto.ihollaback.org/our-history/. The main objective of this foundation is to spread awareness, as communication is a key resource for women (or witnesses) to converse about the issue of harassment that is taking place to many in a certain area. Victims around Toro nto and the GTA share stories about harassment done to them or have witnessed. The point ofRead MorePeruvian Women Support Groups857 Words à |à 3 Pagesmovementââ¬â¢s initial work began among working- class women, including those who lived in urban, working- class settlements as well as those who resided in the squatter developments that surrounded Lima, and focused on providing health, legal, and communication services for these women. Flora Tristan (FT), on the other hand, had vastly different beginnings. Although it was founded by women who had connections to leftist parties, FT could not be more different than MR in its initial objective. UnlikeRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence: What is it and how can you get help?1300 Words à |à 6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence: What is it and how can you get help? Abuse is any behavior that is used to control and subdue another person through the use and fear of physical, emotional, and sexual assaults. Intimate partner violence can come in many forms. I will discuss these further as well as treatment options and services that are available for individuals in these abusive relationships. Intimate Partner Violence Intimate partner violence (IPV) or domestic violence, is violence that occurs betweenRead MorePersonal Narrative for Msw1643 Words à |à 7 Pagesworkers often see clients who face a life-threatening disease or a social problem. These problems may include inadequate housing, unemployment, serious illness, disability, or substance abuse. Social workers also assist families that have serious domestic conflicts, including those involving child or spousal abuse. Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings that now are governed by managed care organizations. To contain costs, these organizations are emphasizing short-termRead MoreThe Walk a Mile in Her Shoes Charity1741 Words à |à 7 PagesIn 2001, Frank Baird founded the charity event Walk a Mile in Her Shoes: The International Menââ¬â¢s March to Stop Rape, Sexual Assault, and Gender Violence in an effort to engage more men in the fight against sexual violence and domestic abuse in the United States and abroad (Walk a Mile in Her Shoes, n.d.). Walk a Mile in Her Shoes is a mile-long charity walk where men literally walk, jog, run, and occasionally trip in high heels, customarily red (the classic emblem for the walk). However, all types rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-42991813948707813112020-05-06T12:50:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:50:15.836-07:00Knowledge is made through writing Free Essays Introduction Writing is indicative of knowledge about language and proficiency in the subject the student discusses in context. The current teaching orthodoxy focuses clearly on the improvement of sentence structure and uses extensive ââ¬Ëknowledge about languageââ¬â¢ and increased language awareness as a means to help pupils to write better English (Andrews, Torgerson, Beverton, Freeman, Locke, Low, Robinson Zhu, 2006). As such, knowledge is gained through understanding the meaning of derivates and shown through writing and understanding the aspects of teaching and learning grammar. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge is made through writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aspects of teaching grammar revolve around why the student should learn grammar and how he should learn it. Writing is then the basis of exemplifying knowledge in grammar. Construction of correct syntax and proving correlation of all aspects of proper syntax and tense in the syntax is the measure of knowledge in principal. According to Kane (1997), the whole point is to get students to use language correctly and well, so why not use examples from people who use language well? Her argument is the basis of using writing what others to showcase knowledge and level of knowledge of what has been understood have authored. Burgess, Tony, Turvey, Anne, Quarshie, Richard, (2000) argue that, grammar works as a level in the understandings that we bring to language andââ¬âas importantââ¬âto reflection on where this knowledge comes from and how it can be acquired. Much of what we write reflects to proficiency in what we have learnt, knowledge is seen within the context of what we show we know and much of it is through writing. A critical pedagogy Grammar and writing are linked; to study one is to study the other. This is where grammar instruction in high school requires critical pedagogy. Lack of knowledge on students putting down their thoughts down on paper is due to lack of grammar and writing skills. This is the reason why, students have problem with their readings, revisions and communication. Teaching grammar in high school requires a cognitive rather a communicative methodology due to the learner variables. The students are difficult to teach due to their age. Age is a variable which onsets attitudes towards grammar. 15yrs-25yrs old are very poor due to stereo typing it (attitudes towards grammar). Most teachers opt to seek communicative methodology as their basis of teaching. However, Murcia, à Hilles (1988) argue that,à no actual empirical studies have been conducted that prove that ââ¬Å"communicativeâ⬠classrooms produce better language learners than the more traditional teacher-dominated classroom. Richards, Rodgers (1986) points out that in spite of its intuitive appeal and anecdotal evidence which supports it, there is equally appealing and convincing evidence that a communicative approach can lead to the development of a broken, ungrammatical, pidginize form of the language beyond which students can never really progress. Knowledge is explicit; it is shown through language structures or rather sentences. The studentââ¬â¢s ideas are communicated through sentences which if properly constructed show proficiency and knowledge. This is efficiency in syntax formation. According to (Burgess, Tony, Turvey, Anne, Quarshie, Richard, (2000) experience of language work is gained in assisting children with their writing, especially in helping with the drafting and re-drafting of written work arising in the context of ongoing schemes of work. This makes writing integral in teaching and makes it the principal method to impart proficiency. In high school attitudes towards grammar as discussed by Krashen, 45% of high school students are good writers and listeners hence very good speakers and writers when taught cognitively. Speech is dependent on writing and listening skills, to impart knowledge to use these skills a cognitive approach is used. A Teaching and grammar instruction is more effective is approached through advocating writing and revision. The à teacher should aim at achieving coherent, clear and effectively written papers and should always emphasize on the students taking enough time to improve their work through revising them and drafting them to quality. It means the teacher employ hearing, speaking, writing and reading as the integral basis of learning. This methodology is comprehensive in improving the essentials of understanding and use of grammar easily through self-evaluation. The Speaking and writing form the basis of integrated learning and play a pivotal role in creating able learners of grammar.à The benefits of writing as the mechanism of imparting knowledge in high school students is that there is improved understanding of subject base, evolving subject base, ways of understanding, developing and applying knowledge; wider-discussion and examination of the inclusion of more writing within English programs. Burgess, Turvey Quashire (2000) argue that teachers should understand that there has to be a principled framework about the sort of knowledge grammar is. What is also needed is the opportunity for reconsidering their knowledge about the formal structures of language. When teaching grammar in a high school, itââ¬â¢s notable that the problem of tenses is high in class even with the smart kids knowing how to speak grammar fluently. Writing becomes problematic with kids only being able to write present tense but failing to identify other tenses and having proficiency in syntax formation. ââ¬ËWhat teachers should be understood is that, ability in grammar is more related to composition in some other subjects than in English. (R Andrews et al, p 40) Apart from syntax formation and tenses teaching the teachers experience difficulties in managing learning skills in the students and also improving on their skills. This is associated with the speech aspect of learning grammars that demean and stereotype the unable students; it creates a gap that the teacher has to fill through inducing enthusiasm and creating atmospheres that make learning grammar easy. The need for rules, order and discipline is particularly acute in large classes of unruly and unmotivated teenagers. In this sort of situation grammar offers the teacher a structured system that can be taught and tested in methodical steps. The alternative ââ¬â allowing learners simply to experience the language through communication ââ¬â may simply be out of the question. This means that putting teaching grammar first as a priority is quite important and also making the enthusiasm of learning grammar felt is also important. Kane (1997), point out that this is based on the teacherââ¬â¢s background when learning. Teachers can achieve a lot through teaching cognitively and making use of language instruction just by reading well-crafted texts to their students. Research has shown that teachers remember their own school grammar instruction without enthusiasm or pleasure, yet they tend to repeat that pattern with their own students (Brosnahan Neuleib, 1995). Knowledge of grammar is seen only through comprehension (writing) and its measured through the correctness of syntax. ââ¬ËSyntax is constraints which control acceptable word order within a sentence, or dominance relations (like head noun relative clause); and sentence combining as meaning: teaching techniques for splicing together simple sentences to make compound or complex ones. It can also cover sentence-embedding and other techniques for expanding and complicating the structure of sentencesââ¬â¢ R. Andrews et al, p 42. Most important is to understand other variables so as to make teaching grammar effective. It therefore requires a particular kind of methodology, taking into account cultural, social and other contextual issues. Tentatively, high school students can learn the principles of generative grammar; knowledge of generative grammar enables such students to increase the proportion of well-formed sentences they write; and that knowledge of generative grammar can enable students to reduce the occurrence of errors in writing, R. Andrews et al, p 46. Teachers should comprehensively cover ââ¬Ësentence combining instruction which is effective in improving the sentence-combining skillsââ¬â¢ and has a positive impact on writing quality. The teacher should realize that sentence combining is an effective means of improving the syntactic maturity of students in English between the ages of 5 and 16. à Teaching grammar as the key to having knowledge is one thing but there is need to identify the theoretical positions adopted in the study of English inform or challenge notions based on the practice and study of writing. The association of knowledge with the subject of English and with the subject of Writing need to be understood and their philosophic and pragmatic dimensions comprehensively researched English and Writing fall under the same cluster of studies and they form the basis of portraying knowledge and evaluating level of knowledge in the student, there is need understand what are there pedagogic developments that occur through having shared and comprehensive learning of writing and grammar for the purpose of attaining knowledge,. According to Knights Harper (2007) there is need to understand (so that we can apply); in what ways does the association of English and writing produce what might be called ââ¬Å"responsive critical understandingâ⬠(ie. critical understanding that responds to the needs of the ââ¬Å"criticâ⬠[ie. those applying critical consideration], in terms of explanation, an approach to truth, requirement. Conclusion Teaching grammar in high school should be based on a participatory approach due to learner variables and attitudes towards grammar in high school students. Systematic review of the effect of grammar teaching in English on 5ââ¬â16-year-oldsââ¬â¢ accuracy and quality in written composition has been the most extensive undertaken. Sources (Burgess, Tony, Turvey, Anne, Quarshie, Richard, 2000), Teaching Grammar: working with student teachers. Changing English: Studies in Reading Culture, Mar2000, Vol. 7, Issue 1(http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/library/offdb.htm) (Burgess, Tony, Turvey, Anne, Quarshie, Richard, 2000): Teaching Grammar: working with student teachers: Studies in Reading Culture Mar2000, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p7-21, 15p(http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/library/offdb.htm) (Kane, 1997): Teaching skills within meaningful contexts: Grammar in action; (in ââ¬ËThe Reading Teacherââ¬â¢ Vol. 51, No. 1) pp 70-72 (http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/library/offdb.htm) (Brosnahan,I., Neuleib, J, 1995). Teaching grammar affectively: Learning to like grammar. In S. Hunter R. Waliace (Eds.), The place of grammar in writing instruction (pp. 204-212) Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook. (http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/library/offdb.htm) (Burgess, Tony, Turvey, Anne, Quarshie, Richard, 2000): Teaching Grammar: working with student teachers (in ââ¬Ëthe editors of Changing English) pp 7-17(http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/library/offdb.htm) How to cite Knowledge is made through writing, Essay examples rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-30754677968938009352020-05-06T04:28:00.001-07:002020-05-06T04:28:04.517-07:00Popular Destinations visited by Tourists â⬠Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Fundamentals Of Hospitality And Tourism? Answer: Introduction Tourism comprises of activities of individuals who travel and stay in places that are outside their common environment for no longer than one successive year in respect of leisure, business as well as other reasons. It is having the involvement of dislocation outside the general environment. The purpose of this assignment is identifying the nature of tourists in the world as well as in New Zealand. The push and pull factors are playing a pivotal role in respect of tourism. The push factors are considered being the internal factors that assist in forming the desirability to travel within potential tourists whereas the pull factors that are considered as the attractiveness of the place as recognized by the traveller, and they are prone to assist the traveller in making a real choice for a destination. Historical different era regarding tourism Early Forms of Tourism Early tourism is having two forms that include travel regarding business like trading as well as religious level. There occurred the facilitation of travel as well as exchange of products through the invention of money, writing as well as wheel by the Sumerians in 400 BC. Regarding this time, travel was also taking place due to certain private reasons, like the Olympic Games that were held in 776 B.C. by the Greeks (Barreda, 2016). The Roman travellers travelled for feeling enjoyed as well as for visiting the friends and relatives. The Roman travellers were majorly supported by enhancement in communications, first class roads as well as inns (Eggar, 2016). Religious travelling occurred as pilgrimages to the places of worship. Pilgrimages occurred for the fulfilment of a vow regarding the aversion of the dangers from a certain kind of illness or as penance in respect of sins. Renaissance Era With the Renaissance, there occurred the development of a few well-known universities because of which, there occurred the introduction of travel in respect of education mostly by the British. In the 16th century, travel for education gained popularity (Lee, 2016). With the passage of time, it was recognized that a gentlemans education need to be completed by a Grand Tour regarding the continents cultural centres that lasted for three years. In the early 16th century, Grand Tour was used. Although, it appeared in the beginning to be educational but with the passage of time, it turned out to be social. Pleasure-seeking young men travelled in a leisurely manner majorly through Italy and France for enjoying the cultural aspects as well as social life of Europe, and the major attractions included Venice, Paris as well as Florence (Hudson, 2017). By the end of the 18th century, there has occurred the institutionalization of this practice in respect of the societys upper class. Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes regarding the type as well as scale of growth regarding tourism. It helped in bringing not just improvements regarding the technological aspects but regarding necessary social changes as well, which made travel to be a desirable activity for recreation. The changes that occurred resulted in the rise in productivity as well as regular employment. Also, rising urbanization provided more individuals with the motivation as well as scope for going on a holiday. The changes helped in the emergence of the middle class that did the combination of the higher incomes as well as rising education into annual holidays (Eto, 2015). For escaping from their responsibilities as well as the crowded environment in the cities, people started travelling to the countryside or seashore on holidays. 19th Century The introduction of trains as well as the progress of steam power has both boosted the travelling. Along with the creation of additional business through the offering of trustworthy as well as low priced transportation, the railroads also helped in creating increasing amount of competition as different private organizations did a heavy investment in hotels, resorts as well as regarding the facilities for entertainment (Nair, 2015). The use of steam power offered the growing mobility required by the tourism business. The steamers on the major rivers offered authentic as well as low priced transportation that led to the famous day-trip cruises as well as the development of coastal resorts near large industrial towns. There occurred the emergence of the travel establishments and Thomas Cook is considered as the first travel organization (Breakey, 2014). With the 19th century, drawing to a close, photography as well as guidebooks started gaining popularity. A large number of guidebooks that were dealing with the domestic as well as overseas travel were getting sold to the tourists. The most famous amongst these was Baedeker, whose first publication came out in 1839 and gained popularity in becoming the foremost guide in respect of the countries of Europe. In the current scenario, Lonely Planet as well as Berlitz is considered being the modern kinds of guide books (Kim, 2017). 20th Century At the beginning of the 20th century, there occurred new types of mass communication, which did the stimulation of inquisitiveness regarding different countries. There occurred the decline of the railways as a way of travel with the motor car getting introduced. The seaside tours gained popularity because of the motorized public road transport as well as better conditions of the roads. The Second World War also gave rise to the growing interest regarding travel. The war resulted in introducing combatants not just to the new countries but also to the new continents that resulted in the generation of new friendships as well as interest in various cultural aspects (Rosa, 2016). The hotels also did the devising of their individual programs of short-stay holidays in respect of the private motorists. There also occurred a substantial increase in the demand regarding hired cars for overseas holidays. Historical landmarks in New Zealand Tourists are attracted towards New Zealand due to the lush natural brilliance of the country. There are huge ranges of beaches, mountains, volcanoes, forests as well as subterranean caves (Joppe, 2016). New Zealand comprises of various famous landmarks within the country, which are mentioned as follows: This is situated in Auckland and is standing at a height of 1,076 feet and considered to be the tallest building in New Zealand. Many activities can be done here such as taking a walk around the SkyWalk at 629 feet or taking a glass elevator to one of the three viewing platforms, booking a table at Orbit, which is a revolving restaurant. Bungee jumping can also be tried out from their 629 foot pergola (Ivanov, 2017). One Tree Hill This is considered being one of the tallest volcanic peaks in the Auckland city. It is also regarded as a sacred memorial ground in respect of the Maori settlers. It used to have only one individual totara tree at the top but during the late 1800s, it got replaced by a pine tree. During the end of the 20th century, the tree got destroyed twice and at present, a tree does exist (Yeh, 2013). The location of this building is in Wellington and the parliament building of New Zealand. It is regarded as the countrys national symbol. A Scottish architect did the designing of a 10-storey building in the shape of a real beehive. Here, we can find the offices of the Prime Minister as well as offices of the other members of the cabinet (Xiang, 2015). Moeraki Boulders This can be found in South Islands Otago coast. The perfectly spherical formations of these rocks cannot be considered as boulders in the technical sense but concretions whose exposure is done through erosion. As per the legend of the Maoris, this is a considered being the debris from a massive canoe. Tourists that are coming to see this historical landmark are given the permission for touching as well as climbing on the rocks (Page, 2014). This terminology is regarded as King of Forest in Maori and is considered as the biggest kauri tree in New Zealand. It is estimated to be approx. 2300 years old and can be found by hiking through the Waipoua kauir Forest Sanctuary on the North Island. General Nature of Tourists/Tourism around the world To discuss regarding the general nature of the tourists around the world certain aspects need to be taken into consideration such as motivation of tourists, types of tourists, reason for travelling as well as the Push and Pull Factors. The Theories of Motivation in respect of travelling does the classification of two forces of motivation such as Wanderlust as well as Sunlust. Also, the basic travel motivation can be divided as Physical motivators, Cultural motivators, Interpersonal motivators, as well as status and prestige motivators. Physical Motivators These are associated with rest, participation in sports, the requirement for recreation at the beach, as well as those motivators that are having direct connection with an individuals bodily healthcare like spas, baths and so on. With the help of the physical factors, there occurs the reduction in tension (Lee, 2016). Cultural Motivators These motivators are having the relation with the desirability of the traveller in learning about different countries as well as their art, music, dances, traditions, religions and so on. Interpersonal Motivators These motivators are associated with the desirability for meeting new individuals such as friends relatives and escaping the tremendous work pressure in everyday life (Murphy, 2017). Status Prestige Motivators These motivators are related with the requirements in respect of esteem as well as individual growth. Such motivations are considered as the desirability in respect of getting recognition, attention, power as well as appreciation. Classification of tourists Tourists are considered having different personality traits such as being psychocentrics, mid-centric as well as allocentrics. The psychocentrics or people concentrating upon their individual self are inhibited as well as not adventuresome. These kinds of tourists are not having the propensity for experimenting with accommodations, food as well as entertainment (Keller, 2016). The psychocentrics are having the expectation regarding the kind of food as well as activities they would like to have and for these type of tourists, safety as well as security plays a pivotal role (Ivanova, 2016). The mid-centrics are considered to exist within the psychocentrics as well as the allocentrics. The tourists that are having the mid-centric personality are not considered being adventurous in particular, however, they are not afraid of trying new experiences as long as these are considered being neither very much odd nor very much challenging. These kinds of tourists are constituting the mass market or the mass of the population. The allocentrics or individuals that have the interest as well as attention on other individuals are regarded as having high curiosity as well as thriving on getting stimulated as well as the changing aspects. These kinds of tourists are having the tendency for accepting the challenging aspects, meeting with the residents, trying out local food as well as drinks and staying in lodgings in the native places. Push and Pull Factors Push Factors These are considered being the internal factors that assist in forming the desirability to travel within potential tourists. To be specific, these are considered being the socio-psychological factors that are motivating or creating desirability for satisfying the requirement for travelling. As a result, under the impact of push factors, tourists who travel are not necessarily having choices that are considered being specific as well as having clarity (Ryan, 2016). Pull Factors The pull-type tourists get motivated for travelling in regard to their insight, anticipation as well as information regarding the place. Due to this, tourists who travel under the effect of pull factors are always having a clear choice of destination (Dopson, 2016). General Nature of Tourists/Tourism in New Zealand In the region of Northland, the top tourist attraction places are Bay of Islands, Waipoura forest, Tane Mahuta, Waitangi Treaty Grounds as well as Haruru Falls. In Auckland, the major attractions are Waiheke Island, Auckland War Memorial Museum, Rangitoto Island as well as Auckland Harbour Bridge. In the region of Waikato, the major attractions are the Waitomo Caves, Hamilton Gardens, Waikato Museum, Bridal Veil Falls and Cathedral Cove. In the region of Bay of Plenty, the major attractions are Waitapu, Lake Rotorua, Kaimai Mamaku Forest Park and Mount Maunganui. In the area of Wellington, the major places of attraction are Wellington Botanical Garden, Wellington Museum, National War Memorial. In the regions of South Island, Marlborough is having the major places of attraction such as Marlborough Sounds, Cloudy Bay, Wither Hills Farm Park, Waihopai Valley and Queen Charlotte Sounds. In the region of West Coast, the major places of attraction are the Fox Glacier, Franz Joseph Glacier, Paparoa National Park as well as Lake Matheson. In the region of Canterbury, the major areas of attraction are Lake Tekapo, Aoaraki Mount Cook National Park, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch Botanical Gardens, Christchurch Cathedral, and Southern Alps. In the region of Otago, the major places of attraction are Lake Wanaka, Lake Wakatipu and Queenstown (Fong, 2016). Discussion on International Visitor Arrivals The countries where there are top visitor arrivals are Australia, USA, UK, China as well as Germany. In respect of Australia, it can be stated that Australia did the welcoming of 8.5 million international tourists in the year ending June 2017. The international visitors who visited Australia did a spending of a record $39.8 billion in the year ending March 2017. In the UK, the purposes of journey for the tourists were mainly in respect of holidays, businesses, studies and VFR. According to a survey that was conducted in 2016, there was 13.90 m visit for the purpose of holiday, 9.19 m visit for the purpose of business, 11.57 m visit for the purpose of VFR. In the US, there has been an increase in the outbound travel by 3% and the long haul travel grew by 6%. According to a survey that was conducted by a renowned tour operator, 83% of the respondents of the survey are planning to take at least one vacation with the members of the family. Also, 37% are planning to take a multi-generational family trip. In China, 40% of the travellers are considered as group travellers, who travel once every 2 or 3 years. 35% of the travellers are considered as semi-independent travellers, who travel frequently in a year and plan certain organized programs (Mohammed, 2015). Majority of time they are considered to be between 25 and 35 years of age. 25% of the travellers are independent travellers, who are travel by themselves and are aged between 20 and 25 years. In respect of Germany, the travel trends that are expected prior to 2020 are to gain attention from the millennial travel market, a rise in longer stays, increased attention to the lesser-known places in Germany, a growth in user-generated content for marketing the country. Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Significant changes in Tourism and hospitality In the past few decades, the hospitality and tourism industry has witnessed significant changes. The changes can be aligned with many factors; however, globalisation in specific has largely influenced the trend. The allowance of free trade by the North America and the European countries has enhanced the accessibility level to people from different parts of world with their different purposes of visit. This has in particular eased out all the transactions related to financial terms. It has boosted and encouraged the foreign investments for different purposes such as for the construction of hotels, malls and multinational companies. It has helped in restructuring the hospitality industry (Mowforth Munt, 2015). It has brought many changes in the hospitality and the tourism industry. The first and foremost change is the purpose of visit. The purpose of visit has largely changed the picture of tourism industry nowadays. In the past days, people use to go to different places just to have some chill out days; however, they have now many different reasons. They are moving to other countries for pursuing higher studies. They are also moving for business such as for opening up a new subsidiary office. A large group of people are moving to the different parts of world for heath treatment purpose (Horner Swarbrooke, 2016). The second change is the cultural integration. Different countries have now their focus on integrating different other cultures at just one place. One of such example is opening up an Asian food restaurant in North America and the European Countries. They are highly inclined to this as they see this as a potential option to attract and retain the foreign visitors (Zaei Zaei, 2013). The third change is the perception of the local government for the foreign visitors. The local government in different countries have now realised the potentiality of the tourism and hospitality sector. This has perhaps emerged as one of the potential options for improving the GDP growth of the concerned country. Governments now understand the importance of tourism sector, which is why they put their high focus on developing the tourism sector. They have high focus on the tourism infrastructure, which also means that they are highly open to foreign visitors. Such trend is expanding in its growth with the passage of time (Nunkoo, 2015). Changes in the Pattern of travel (- shorter trips) There has been a dramatic change in the distances that people travel today. In the past, people use to cover only few miles. However, this has gradually transformed into big coverage of distances. The advent of trains has further progressed the travelling distances. People started preferring to go to a larger distances as they can now travel at a relatively faster speed to reach to a distant locations. The advent of aeroplanes has revolutionised the purpose of visit. People have now options to travel to a location, which is at high distance. With the advent of various new technologies in aeroplane, people can now visit to anywhere in the world. They just need to have the required budget and the purpose for visit (Scheiner Holz-Rau, 2013). Emerging Global Destinations Few global destinations are emerging centres for tourism. Poland in Europe is gaining in popularity because of its status as meeting hub. The strengthening economy has also contributed in the fact. Portugal is another name, which is also one of few locations that are widely popular as meeting place. Azerbaijan is the other name, which is strongly preferred for its development as a meeting place and the tourism industry. The country has large number of historical places, which is attractive and appealing as well. The local government is widely keen also in the development of tourism industry. On a same note, Oman in the Middle East is the emerging market for tourism. The high-end development of the country in terms of infrastructure and tourism sector has helped the country emerged as one of the potential destinations for tourism. The development of the Oman Convention Exhibition Centre is noteworthy in this context. In Asia, China is one of the highly emerging locations as far as to urism is concerned. This is a place where numerous organisations are headquartered. It has become a widely appealing financial sector. Apart from these locations, some other places are in the list of emerging destinations for tourism. Such locations are Colombia Panama from South America and Melbourne Brisbane from Oceania (Cohen Cohen, 2015). Conclusion The assignment is on the Hospitality and Tourism industry. It has in brief covered the picture of the tourism industry in the past. It has also presented the tourism industry of current. The term tourism has started gaining in popularity in the early 19th century. In the Renaissance Era, there started the construction of universities in Britain, which also marked the travelling for education purpose. The 19th century marked a revolutionary start for the trains. This has resulted in booming success of the tourism and the hospitality industry. New Zealand is famous for lush green natural scenes. The natural scenic beauties along with the other landmarks have stood this place in the list of those few locations, which are small but powerful. Various motivational factors encourage people for global visit. One of such motivations is the purpose of visit. Some has to pursue the higher education whereas some has to do business meetings. Fulfilment of different personal reasons is the one rea son that has motivated the people for foreign visits. Australia, UK, USA and Germany are the most developed tourist destinations whereas China is a high emerging destination for tourism. There have been few significant changes in the tourism industry. Such changes are purpose of visit, integration of foreign culture at local community and the local government perspectives for the foreign visitors. The pattern of travel has also witnessed a drastic change. Initially, people use to travel a very minimum distance but now with the advent of aeroplane, they are even moving to such places that are thousands of miles away from them. The highly growing global destinations for tourism are Poland, Portugal and Azerbaijan in Europe, Oman in Middle East, South Korea and China in Asia, Colombia and Panama in South America and Melbourne Brisbane in Oceania. Reference Barreda, A. A., Bilgihan, A., Nusair, K., Okumus, F. (2016). Online branding: Development of hotel branding through interactivity theory.Tourism Management,57, 180-192. Breakey, N. 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The impacts of tourism industry on host community.European journal of tourism hospitality and research,1(2), 12-21. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-31212960590141786822020-05-03T06:47:00.001-07:002020-05-03T06:47:03.284-07:00The U.S. Department of Commerce Using IT to Tap Expertsââ¬â¢ Know The U.S. Department of Commerce: Using IT to Tap Expertsââ¬â¢ Know-How through Knowledge Management Essay Case Study4: the U. S. Department of Commerce: using IT to Tap Expertsââ¬â¢ Know-How through Knowledge Management 1. What are the key businesses challenges facing companies in supporting their global marketing and expansion efforts? How is AskMe knowledge management system helping to meet this challenge? Explain. -The key business challenges facing companies are such as knowing what trade show to attend if the company is interested in selling medical equipment, what papers to file if the company is trying to expand their software business, what local laws must to be considered, who their business competition is likely to be etc. They are helping U. S. companies do things such as perform international market research or locate overseas partners. AskMe knowledge management system is helping to meet the challenges by identifying the people and providing resources to solve problems via the Web. They post answers according to different subject categories, upload documents, or even direct businesses to specialized publication online. . How can the AskMe system help to identify weaknesses in global business knowledge within the Department of Commerce? -The AskMe system can help to identify weaknesses in global business knowledge by looking at questions the company asked and if there are not enough documents posted by the trade experts, the DOC can identify where the gap in information counseling or subject knowledge. 3. What other global trade situations could the AskMe system provide information about? Provide some examples. -The AskMe system can provide information on the businesses in the US that are expanding their products or service into the international market. The system can also help boost U. S. exports by making it easier to tap experts know-how. It can also provide information on specific countries across the globe that are attracting US businesses. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-75712587870590180272020-04-10T07:41:00.001-07:002020-04-10T07:41:03.996-07:00Child Labor Essay - How Child Labor Affects the FutureChild Labor Essay - How Child Labor Affects the FutureChild labor is prevalent in many countries and today, it is hard to believe that the practice of child labor was something far off and unimaginable. But, thanks to globalization, child labor is more widespread than ever before. The practice can take many forms, but the primary source of child labor is children who work as unpaid laborers for rich or middle class families. Some countries are even worse than others in this regard, but in most countries, child labor is a scourge.In some countries like China, child labor is commonplace. There, children are sold into child labor, and they do not know what is happening to them. Often, these children are used to clean the rooms of their elders, do household chores and even to clean public parks. Some are taught how to cook, while others may be given money to take an identity check.In these types of child labor, we see children who have been physically abused and psychologically traumatiz ed. In some countries, child labor is so common that parents hire laborers because they cannot feed their children. Because the labor is unpaid, the child works under some of the worst conditions possible.If this is the case, why do parents continue to employ these children? If they are not making money, why continue employing them? Parents want to pay their children so that they can have a brighter future, but they cannot afford to.The question on the table is whether the child labor in China is a phenomenon that is out of control or if it could simply be eliminated. To answer this question, we need to see why child labor exists, how it can be eliminated and then how the labor can be paid.The purpose of child labor is to prepare children for a better life, but the purpose of child labor is often for money. For this reason, child labor must be eradicated. The best way to eliminate child labor is to make the labor unpaid and to pay children to perform household chores. Children can l earn all the skills they need to survive as they are learning the right behaviors. This education can then lead to better jobs and a brighter future.Before a child is forced to learn from a teacher or is forced to be trained, all children should have access to childhood education. This education should include an understanding of how children get what they need and how they can gain the skills they need to succeed. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-20997377214389718932020-03-25T15:44:00.001-07:002020-03-25T15:44:03.631-07:00Asteroids Essays (497 words) - Doomsday Scenarios, Asteroids Danger The universe is a shooting gallery and earth is the bullseye. The earth is always under threat of a doomesday asteroid that will wipe out civilization. There are over one thousand asteroids traveling toward earth and only three quarters are accounted for. Where are the other one forth? No one knows because the government doesn't fund NASA astrologists enough to cover the astroids. Just one impact could end civilization as we know it. No matter where it hits everything would die, even bacteria. To give an estimate how much is spent on asteroid detection. It is said to be less than the cost to operate a single McDonald's franchise. Total disaster would occur no matter where the asteroid hit. Land, sea it doesn't matter. Ocean impact would create a number of things. First, a Tsunami(tidal wave) would be created on impact. The wave would be hundreds for feet high traveling hundreds of miles per hour. It would start to slow down crashing ashore through all coastal city. Then, finally wash up hundreds for miles inland. " The mid-Atlantic Ocean impact ranging from 400 meters to 5 kilometers in diameter. This would generate a tsunami that would sweep across the upper East Coast of the United States to the Appalachian Mountains."(Gottschalk 1) The blast of the impact would equal a 300 gigaton blast of T.N.T. Also, 2.4 seconds after impact, a small fireball with a temperature of 5000'C would sweep across long island. A land fall strike would cause total divistation. The asteroid would create a earth trembling impact causing earth quakes around the world. The binding flash will show impact and the crater would be twenty miles across. Then, a blanket of dust and debris would blanket the earth and block the sun's light. This would occur for hundreds of years and the climate would be disrupted. Global killer no matter where it hits. The end of the world is only 28 years, 10 months, 19 days, 1 hour, 45 minutes, and 39 seconds away. An asteroid named XF11 is on route to hit earth directly. October is the month and 2038 is the year. Discovered by Jim Scotti on December 6, 1997 while looking at star with the Arizona Spacewatch Group. The asteroid "is predicted to pass at a rather comfortable distance of about 600,000 miles (about 960,000 kilometers) in 2028," "reported Dr. Donald K. Yeomans and Dr. Paul W. Chodas." (http://www.voicenet.com/~phycoid/XF11/1997XF11.html 1) Tim Scotti disagrees saying is a matter of cover-up for national security. Spectulations go both ways, some say it's gonna hit others disagree. The last lines of defense are either blowing it up or using nuclear power. The solutions are to either destroy the asteroid or bounce it into another orbit. Nuclear weapons being the first and only line of defense. Even though nuclear weapons are forbiden in space by the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Exeptions hopefully will be made. The bomb that will be used is called the Neutron Bomb. It would create "standoff bursts" that would change the velocity and the orbit of the asteroid. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-15171239620438413122020-03-06T13:48:00.001-08:002020-03-06T13:48:02.825-08:00Medgar Evers and Merlye Evers essaysMedgar Evers and Merlye Evers essays Merlyie Evers fight and sacrifice for a cause was extremely different than that of her husbands. Merlyies time period for this action was 25 years In the making, quite distinct than that of her husband. She also did not sacrifice that much except for time in her case as he sacrificed his family for his cause. She did not fight for the whole black community, she fought for her husband. There are some distinct facts of contrast and comparison when viewing both of these historic peoples story. In Medgar Everss life there we many accomplishments that were done by this strong and brave man. He enrolled in Alcorn As first field secretary. He fought for the enforcement of the court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka which outlawed school segregation, the right to vote, and encouraged boycotting merchants who were racist. One night after a NAACP meeting he walked out of his car in front of his home and was shot dead in the back by a ruthless coward named Byron de la Beckwith. Now a new fight would begin not for de-segregation but a fight for justice. When Merlyie woke up the following morning after the murder she must have felt what Medgar had sacrificed. He gave up his whole family and sacrificed himself to get equal word for a black man and his family. Merlyie was trying to get justice done on Medgars part. She never knew it would wind up ruining another mans life but when justice needs to be done all must be sacrificed. That man was Bobby DeLauder. He found new evidence which proved Beckwith guilty. DeLauder worked hard nights and sacrificed his marriage and his reputation to get justice done on part with M ... rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-79735784840173875792020-02-19T05:14:00.001-08:002020-02-19T05:14:02.337-08:00Strategic Planning and Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1Strategic Planning and Implementation - Essay Example As every country in Europe, Germany has much association with the liberal ideas. Political attitudes, supporting liberal democracy, are changing gradually. The new generation is more democratic in their thoughts. German political leaders are apt to be more law oriented, fiscally conservative, and formalistic reflecting their acquaintance with economics and law. Germany economy is the largest in Europe. It has been badly impacted by the recent economic downturn, and so being operated in this economy, the company also got the hit. This was the economic force which affected the operation in a great way. Germany is one of the leading countries on the globe. The German work force is mostly engaged in service sector. The whole workforce in mainly divided in certain groups; the elite, who are well trained and well educated, skilled workers and unskilled workers. A noticeable number of them are foreigners. A perceptible part of the last group stays below the poverty line (Country Studies, n.d). Germany is very much affluent and technologically powerful country. They have got access to many resources. Germanyââ¬â¢s triumphs in the field of technology and science have been prominent. Research and development efforts form an important part of the German economy. The scientific research in the country is mostly supported by the industries over there. Germany is the largest economy in Europe and at the same time, the second most populated country in Europe. Out of the many environmental issues Germany has, some worries include the emissions from the burning of coal; industries are hugely contributing to this situation. Acid rain is another, which is produced from the emission of sulphur dioxide. This in turn damages forests, create pollution to Baltic Sea. Disposal of hazardous wastage is another environmental issue created mainly by the industries. These issues seem to be few of the problems, those people are concerned about. With the industries of vehicles, rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-3576369475130039232020-02-04T04:57:00.001-08:002020-02-04T04:57:03.423-08:00Representation of the femme fatal in sci-fi films, how has the femme DissertationRepresentation of the femme fatal in sci-fi films, how has the femme fatale changed from the 20th centaury to the 21st centaury - Dissertation Example But from literature, the femme fatale has inevitable seeped into other forms of art as well. In film, for instance, the role of the femme fatale has become a recognizable trope in certain genres, even inviting variations like spoofs or parodies of it. In film, the genre of film noir has generally monopolized or been associated traditionally with the use of the femme fatale. Film noir makes room for two kinds of female archetypes: the sweet, dutiful, loving and reliable women and the deceitful, mysterious, subversive and manipulative femmes fatales (Dirks, ââ¬ËFemme Fataleââ¬â¢, n.d.). An instance of a film where one finds both kinds is Double Indemnity (1944), where Phyllis Dietrichson, the homicidal wife who feigns interest in and plots with the insurance agent to kill her husband is the typical femme fatale while her step-daughter Lola Dietrichson, loving, honest and helpless, represents the only other type of woman that film noir allows for. The appearance and function of th e femme fatale in films has evolved over the years, and film noir is no longer the genre that monopolizes the use of this figure. Science-fiction films have also been repeatedly invoking the figure of the femme fatale over the years to complement their other thematic concerns. How, why and where this use of the femme fatale has taken place will be evaluated in the course of this paper. What evolving roles has the femme fatale been invoked to perform; what common patterns and departures from such patterns have occurred in their representation; what universal concerns, if any, has the femme fatale stood for: these are a few of the questions which this paper will seek to answer. The femme fatale must first be defined for us to be able to identify her in different works of art. There are certain characteristics that are popularly recognized as being typical of the femme fatale. Tim Dirksââ¬â¢s description of femmes fatales as ââ¬Ëmysterious, duplicitous, subversive, double-crossin g, gorgeous, unloving, predatory, tough-sweet, unreliable, irresponsible, manipulative and desperate women (ââ¬ËFemme Fataleââ¬â¢, n.d.)ââ¬â¢ puts in place some of these commonly accepted associations of the femme fatale. However, there is no real consensus among either critics or moviegoers of what exactly defines the femme fatale. The term is flexible and allows for a wide range of interpretations. There can be elements of the femme fatale in some characters that do not otherwise wholly conform to the stereotype and vice versa. To begin our exploration into the role of femmes fatales in science fiction films over the years it is instructive to first attempt providing an introduction to, if not a definition of, the femme fatale through the eyes of various critics and scholars over time. This attempt at defining femme fatale has been a long ongoing process in film studies, and not often with much success. There are often inherent obstacles in the act of defining itself. As critic Linda Ruth Williams declares that though most critics try to provide a ââ¬Ëpsychoanalytic or socially informedââ¬â¢ analysis of the femme fatale, what happens more often than not is succumbing to the impulse to ââ¬Ë rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-89418805146397548752020-01-27T01:21:00.001-08:002020-01-27T01:21:03.222-08:00Measurement of Lying and Standing Blood PressureMeasurement of Lying and Standing Blood Pressure Jayne Flood Introduction This report aims to discuss the best practice on the measurement of a lying and standing blood pressure. In addition to this; formulate a search strategy to provide the best evidence based practice. Doctor David Sackett defines evidence based practice as; ââ¬Å"The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patientsâ⬠(Sackett et al. 2000). This in Laymenââ¬â¢s terms means; to use all available resources of information to form an opinion or judgement on how to provide the best possible care to the patient. Some people suffer from a condition called Presyncope, this can cause them to feel lightheaded or unsteady on their feet when rising from a lying or sitting position; this condition is often associated with the older generation and can cause them to fall. They feel this way because the brain or cerebral cortex does not receive enough oxygen, due to a lack of circulation when they stand up. This can th en cause them to fall over or pass out. This condition is also known as Hypotension or Orthostatic Blood Pressure. The best way to diagnose or determine if the patient is suffering from this condition, is too perform a procedure called a lying and standing blood pressure. This usually requires the Health Care Professional to take the patientââ¬â¢s blood pressure while they are lying down, then to record the blood pressure immediately on standing and then again when they have been standing for two minutes; to determine if the patient has a significant drop in their blood pressure in a standing position. Formulating a search strategy for the three resources The three resources for this report that will be searched and discussed are books, journals and the internet. The key words used in this report will be; Lying and Standing Blood Pressure, Orthostatic Blood Pressure, Hypotension and measurement. The main sentence used will be measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. Before beginning the search it can be helpful to design a mind map, spider graph or brainstorm, to help generate any new key words that can be used in the search. (Cottrell, 2003). The main focus for this report will be on Measurement of Orthostatic blood pressure. Internet A good search resource is the internet because it is fast and instant. Turn on the computer and connect to www.google.com; then in the search bar, type in the words lying and standing blood pressure. This yielded nine hundred and forty two thousand search results in fifty four seconds. The word measurement was used to try and narrow the search results down. Type in the words measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this narrowed the search results down to two hundred and twenty four thousand. Applying Boolean logic to the search bar, can help to narrow the results further; simply add the words ââ¬Å"ANDâ⬠or ââ¬Å"ORâ⬠. George Boole was a mathematician who came up with the idea to add either of these words to the keywords to narrow down a search, (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The word AND added to the keywords lying and standing blood pressure, will produce results that include both the keywords lying and standing. Adding the word OR will also produce results that inclu de the keywords lying and standing, this severely increase the search results. The word NOT can also be added to the key words, which will narrow the results considerably as this searches for only one of the key words and rules out the other. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). Using Boolean logic did not help in this particular search. Scrolling through the Google search results, revealed that a lot of the websites were generated abroad. This can be reduced down by clicking on the search tool button, then clicking on country United Kingdom only, this reduced the results down by half. To try and reduce the results further, type google scholar in the Google search bar, this will access google scholar (www.scholar.google.co.uk.) Type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure in the search bar, this produced a search result of forty five thousand meaning it was considerably less. By clicking on advanced search and inputting the dates to no more than five years, reduces the results down to twenty in seven seconds. The downside to advance search on google scholar, is that there is no discrimination against foreign websites. When searching the internet, it is important to remember the three ââ¬ËWââ¬â¢s.ââ¬â¢ Who; What and When. Who produced the website and can they be trusted; for instance; is it written by a drug company who are trying to sell their products. Where the website is from; is it British or from abroad? Ideally healthcare professionals should be using information from their own country in their assignments. And finally, when was the website last updated? A lot of websites are rarely updated, so it is important to look at when the website was created and updated. (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). Journals Another great resource that healthcare professionals can research are journals or e-journals. Journals are current and up to date. Written by qualified professionals and peer reviewed, they also contain many volumes. The downside to using journals is that they can be very costly, difficult to store and hard to search (Oââ¬â¢Dochartaigh, 2002). The university has a library that can be accessed day or night, or you can use their library website or the university website. Sign in to the library account and type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. This produced a hundred and seventy six results, this includes journals and books. You can refine the search results further by going to the advanced search section, and clicking on the relevant boxes that may be needed to do this, for example, in this case all that was needed was to refine the search was the date which yielded only fifty two results. Also underneath the refine results section is a list of the authors, the name of the journals and the databases they were found in. This information is helpful if the name of certain journals is not known; the same with databases. By clicking on the more options part of these lists, you can eliminate or include whichever journals or databases required; for example, in this case all articles from abroad were eliminated, reducing the search results down to forty nine. If the name of the journal is known, then the library website has an e-journals section; click on the box that says ââ¬Å"find e journals.â⬠This will bring up a separate box with the alphabet, click on the relevant letter or type in the name of the journal in the search bar. For example the nursing times was searched. This then opens up a new link box, click on the nursing times title; this will open up a separate box where the year, volume, issue and page numbers can be inserted to access the particular e-journal required. For the purpose of this report, it is known that the particular nursin g times journal was printed in the year two thousand and seven (2007), the volume number is one hundred and three (103), the issue number is twenty (20), and the page starts on number twenty four (24). These numbers when inputted into the boxes, will take you directly to the e-journal required. The hospital library also has its own journal and e-journals databases. A lot of the e-journals are accessed via an Athens database account, this is an Access Management System developed by Eduserv; a safe service provider that allows access to all electronic resources the hospital or university are subscribed to. Access to Athens can be done through the university or the hospital, you can register an account with them at no cost to the user, as long as you are a healthcare professional or student. Databases are a systematic collection of data that can be accessed for information, either through the World Wide Web, work or university library. Once again, it does help if you know the name of a ny databases. On the university webpage there is a box that says ââ¬Å"databasesâ⬠. Clicking on this link will open up a separate box to which you can type in the name of the database required. For the purpose of this report; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl) will be used. Type Cinahl into the search bar, this generates one search result; double click on the title and this will take you directly to the database. In the search bar type in measurement of orthostatic blood pressure, this will then open up a separate link with new keywords; tick the boxes of the keywords to be used. For example, in this case the keywords are measurement of orthostatic blood pressure. Click the search database button and this yielded ten results. To try and find other articles, type in lying and standing blood pressure in the top search bar; in the search bar underneath, type the word ââ¬Å"ANDâ⬠next to it and type in the word measurement this yielded no resul ts. When searching journals, it is vital to ensure the writers are British; what their qualifications are; and are they qualified healthcare professionals. Checking the date of the journal may be vital, as anything older than five years can be considered out of date. The same should be taken under consideration when searching databases. Books Books are another great search tool for healthcare professionals; they can be easier than journals and the internet to search for, and more reliable than the internet. Books give the reader a summary of what is written in the book, by reading the blurb on the back. Books also contain a contents and index page; this allows the reader to go to a specific page or chapter instead of having to read the whole book; unlike journals. Unfortunately books are expensive and take up a lot of storage space. There are four options available when searching for books: The public library, the hospital library, the university library and google books (www.books.google.co.uk). For the purpose of this report the university library will be used. The university provide tuition on how to search and use the library website within a month of starting the course. The university library informs the researcher what books are available, how many books there are, where they can be located in the library and on wh ich campus, how long the book can be borrowed for and whether the book is available online as an e-book. Searching for measurement of orthostatic blood pressure; or lying and standing blood pressure yielded no results for books; the search was then changed to hypotension which yielded one result. To try and yield a few more results, the title was changed to orthostatic blood pressure, this only yielded journals. Blood pressure was then typed into the search bar, this produced over three hundred and nineteen thousand results; they included journals, books and full text online. To reduce this down; there is the option to advance the search; by clicking on the ââ¬Å"available in the libraryâ⬠option reduced the results down to fifteen books, ruling out all the journals etc. Choose an appropriate book and look at the options available underneath the title and description of the book. The location option tells you which campus the book is located on and therefore where it can be lo cated in the library. This can also inform the researcher if the book is available to borrow on the day, or when it becomes available to borrow; it can also allow the user to hold the book; meaning the previous borrower cannot renew the book. Clicking on the details option gives the user the author(s), the subject, identifier and a brief description of the book; this can allow the user to choose or eliminate the book quickly and easily. Clicking on the virtual browse button, allows the user to view other books that are along the same shelves as the book the user is looking at. To the left of the library webpage as mentioned earlier; is the option to advance search. Above the words available in the library is ââ¬Å"full text onlineâ⬠; clicking on this option gives the user access to the e-books online, allowing them to download the book for a maximum period of two days or to read the book online. Once the user has chosen the books they require, it is just a simple matter of goi ng to the library and borrowing the books. It is important when looking at books for the user to take into account the date, who wrote the book and whether it contains the relevant information required. Discussion Formulating a search strategy requires planning, organisation, time and practice. Journals, internet and books are essential tools needed to improve the quality of information assembled from the research. Therefore it is essential to check the credentials of the person writing the information, where the information is from and when it was written or compiled. When searching the internet it became apparent that the websites accessed only spoke about the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure and not about how to measure the blood pressure only three websites produced the results required, one produced a useable tool, the other gave a step by step explanation on how to do a lying a standing blood pressure, but no other information. The last website explained the correct procedure, explained the signs and symptoms of orthostatic blood pressure, was written by a qualified healthcare personnel, however the webpage did not give a date for when it was updated or due to be reviewed only that it was produced in nineteen ninety six. Searching the hospital and university libraries produced one journal which gave the correct procedure on how to measure a lying and standing blood pressure, this was found in the Nursing times but was out of date by eighteen years. Searching through the university library yielded several books on blood pressure, all with a section on the cause of orthostatic blood pressure, but nothing on the correct measurement of lying and standing blood pressure. The hospital library produced one book with the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure. Formulating the search took up an amazing amount of time and resources and has proved to be illusive and inconclusive. In order to find the correct procedure for measuring orthostatic blood pressure further research will be required. With more practice on the use of keywords will hopefully produce the required results. Formulating this search strategy and report has proven how easy it is to get bogged down with information. Using Boolean logic is extremely useful in most search criteriaââ¬â¢s but did not work for this particular search. Adding speech marks to measurement of orthostatic blood pressure also did not help, the search tended to focus on the words blood pressure, how to measure blood pressure or just orthostatic blood pressure. This has proven that the keywords should also include words such as ââ¬Å"how toâ⬠or ââ¬Å"correctâ⬠. Conclusion This report has shown how the use of a spider graph or mind map, is an extremely useful way of beginning the formulation of a search strategy (Cottrell, 2003). It has also demonstrated that using Boolean logic can be an effective tool when searching for information (Freeman and Thompson, 2009). The use of evidence based practice or medicine has also been discussed by discussing what was good and bad about the information and the indicators used to determine this, such as the three Wââ¬â¢s, who, when and where to whittle the information down. The internet has proven to be the most interesting and time consuming because anything can be typed in the search bar and it will come up with a vast amount of results. Using different techniques to try and reduce the information down was time consuming. Using the hospital and university was more reliable to find books and journals was less time consuming. They also have librarians that are helpful in times of crisis. Books and journals were t he most reliable sources of information because they are generally written by experts in the field being researched. Completing this report has proven to be a useful way of improving knowledge, skills and an effective learning curve. Learning that evidence based practice is based on the best available evidence. Ensuring any advice given is evidence based especially if recommending healthcare products or services and ensuring that any complementary or alternative therapies are in the best interests of the person in the healthcare professionals care (NMC, 2008). Completing this report has acknowledge that less time is required on the structure of the report and more time must be spent on the research. References Aveyard, H. (2014) Doing a literature review in health and social care. A Practical guide. 3rd edition. Berkshire: Open University Press. www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety//measuring_orthostatic_bp[accessed 20th November 2014] http://www.cdc.gov/injury/STEADI [accessed 20th November 2014] Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Dougherty,L. Lister, S. (2011) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 8th edition. Oxford. U.K: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Freeman, B. Thompson, D. (2009) Fundamental aspects of finding and using information. A guide for students of nursing and health. London Quay Books. Hek, G. Et al (1996) Making sense of research ââ¬â an introduction for nurses. London: Cassell. Oââ¬â¢Dochartaigh, N. (2002) The internet research handbook. London. Sage Publications. Pear, R. Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right. The essential referencing guide. 9th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sackett, D.L. Et al (2000) Evidence-based medicine. How to practice and teach EBM. London. Churchill Livingston. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/474822_2 [accessed 20th November 2014] rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-29561631505695842912020-01-18T21:42:00.001-08:002020-01-18T21:42:05.522-08:00Financial Analysis of Bank of AmericaFinancial Statement Analysis of Bank of America Group 1 Chen, Yelin Dong, Xiaoxu Gransbach, Jennifer Shuai, Wang Weiss, Charles 1Financial Statements of Bank of America1 1. 1Balance sheet1 1. 2Income statement2 1. 3Regulatory capital ratios2 1. 4Investment portfolio2 1. 5Impact of the FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2 on OTTI3 1. 5. 1Bank of America3 1. 5. 2JP Morgan Chase3 1. 5. 3Citi Group3 1. 6Netting Financial Instruments3 1. 6. 1Bank of America4 1. 6. 2Comparable banks4 1. 6. 3Analysis of the impact4 2Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments4 2. Fair value accounting4 Table 6 Summary of the Fair Value Income5 2. 2Opinions about fair value accounting5 3Interest Rate Risk and Net Interest Earnings6 3. 1Net interest margin6 3. 2Interest rate risk7 4Credit Risk and Losses7 4. 1Main loss reserve adequacy ratios8 4. 2Policy to designate past due loans as non-performing8 4. 3Adequacy of the bankââ¬â¢s allowance for loan losses8 4. 4Disclosure policies relating to loans8 5Appendix9 * Part 1 Financial Statements of Bank of America . 1. 1 Balance sheetBank of Americaââ¬â¢s balance sheet has total assets of $2,129,046 million in 2011, which is less than last yearââ¬â¢s $2,264,909 million, a fairly significant decline. There are a few primary assets on the balance sheet. The largest asset is loans and leases which makes up 41. 92% of the total assets. The next largest asset was Available-For-Sale securities making up 12. 97% of total assets. Total liabilities on the balance sheet were $1,898,945 million, with the primary liability being deposits in U. S. offices both interest bearing and noninterest bearing, at 50. 4% of total liabilities. The next largest liability was long-term debt at 19. % of total liabilities. In millions| 2011| % of total assets| 2010| % of total assets| % chg from 2010-2011| Total asset| 2,029,046 | 100. 00%| 2,264,909 | 100. 00%| -10. 41%| Loans and leases| 892,417 | 43. 98%| 898,555 | 39. 67%| -0. 68%| Available-for-sale| 276,151 | 13. 61%| 337,627 | 14. 91%| -18. 21%| Total liabilities| 1,898,945 | 93. 59%| 2,036,661 | 89. 92%| -6. 76%| Total deposits| 1,033,041 | 50. 91%| 1,010,430 | 44. 61%| 2. 24%| Deposits in U. S. offices| 957,042 | 47. 17%| 930,913 | 41. 10%| 2. 81%| Long-term debt| 372,265 | 18. 35%| 448,431 | 19. 80%| -16. 98%| Leverage ratio| 14. 0 | ? | 8. 92 | ? | 63. 58%| Table 1 Selected Financial Data from Balance Sheet of Bank of America Chase and Citi are fairly similar in size and distribution of their balance sheets. Chase and Citi have total assets of 2,265,792 and 1,873,878( ) respectively, both with slightly lower loans as a percentage of total assets at slightly over 30%, while AFS securities are around 16% of total assets for each. Liabilities are also very similar, with Chase having total liabilities of $2,082,219 million and Citi $1,694,305 million. The primary line items are also very similar once again with Chaseââ¬â¢s total deposits 54. 6% and long-term debt 22. 77% of total lia bilities, while Citi has deposits 51. 11% and long-term debt of 19. 09%. According to the deposits in U. S. offices, BOA focus more in U. S market and Citi focus more on market outside U. S. In millions| Bank of America| % of total assets| JP Morgan Chase| % of total assets| Citi Group| % of total assets| Total asset| 2,129,046 | 100. 00%| 2,265,792 | 100. 00%| 1,873,878 | 100. 00%| Loans and leases| 892,417 | 41. 92%| 696,111 | 30. 72%| 617,127 | 32. 93%| Available-for-sale| 276,151 | 12. 97%| 364,793 | 16. 10%| 293,413 | 15. 66%| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |In millions| Bank of America| % of total liabilities| JP Morgan Chase| % of total liabilities| Citi Group| % of total liabilities| Total liabilities| 1,898,945 | 100. 00%| 2,082,219 | 100. 00%| 1,694,305 | 100. 00%| Total deposits| 1,033,041 | 54. 40%| 1,127,806 | 54. 16%| 865,936 | 51. 11%| Long-term debt| 372,265 | 19. 60%| 256,775 | 22. 77%| 3,235,050 | 190. 94%| Leverage ratio| 8. 25 | ? | 11. 34 | ? | 9. 44 | ? | | | | | | | | In millions| Bank of America| % of total deposits| JP Morgan Chase| % of total deposits| Citi Group| % of total deposits| Deposits in U. S. offices| 957,042 | 92. 64%| 851,534 | 75. 0%| 343,288 | 39. 64%| Table 2 Selected Financial Data from Balance Sheets of Three Banks in 2011 In the event of a bank run, Bank of America will be in trouble due to its high leverage, similar to many banks. Bank of America has deposits of $1,033,041 million, among which liquid assets only have $314,425 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $120,102 million, time deposits and other short-term investments of $26,004 million and trading assets of $169,319 million. Even with the ability to liquidate those non-cash assets, it will still only be able to honor slightly more than 30% of its depositors.Income statement The primary line item on Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s income statement is net income of $1,446 million, which increased compared to a net loss of 2,238 in 2010. Interest income was $66 ,236 million, down from $75,497 million in 2010. Total interest expense was $21,620 million, which makes the net interest income become $44,616 million, down 13. 4% from the previous year. Lastly, total noninterest income was $48,838 million, decreased by 16. 8% from 2010. This is partly due to the big loss of mortgage banking income, decreasing from $2,734 million in 2010 to $(8,830) million in 2011.Chase and Citi had similar trends, both slightly increasing their bottom line while having net interest income decrease slightly. Regulatory capital ratios 2011| Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| To be well capitalized| Leverage ratio| 7. 53%| 6. 80%| 7. 19%| 5%| Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio| 12. 40%| 12. 30%| 13. 55%| 6%| Total risk-based| 16. 75%| 15. 40%| 16. 99%| 10%| Table 3 Regulatory Capital Ratios of Three Banks in 2011 In 2011, Bank of America was considered well capitalized for all three regulatory ratiosââ¬âTier 1 capital, risk-based capital and leverage.Ba nk of America slightly increased all of its ratios from 2010 to 2011. Its tier 1 capital ratio was 12. 4% while 6% is considered well capitalized, its risk based capital ratio was 16. 75% while 10% is considered well capitalized, and its leverage ratio was 7. 53% while 5% is considered well capitalized. ( Table 4, Table 3) Chase and Citi had very similar ratios to Bank of America. Chase was slightly below Bank of America and Citi for all three ratios but still well above the floor to be well capitalized.Citi had a slightly lower leverage ratio and slightly higher tier 1 capital and risk based capital ratios. Regulatory ratios are fairly important; however there are some issues with them. The ratios are backwards looking, so there could be a large amount of change since in the numbers. There are also lots of adjustments made by the company to the different numbers that make up the ratio that might not even make sense such as ignoring AFS losses. The current risk weighting is also ve ry simplistic currently and might not reflect the actual risk of the assets.One important thing to note is that the newly released Basel III norms by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) would require a higher regulatory capital ratio on banks. It is recommended that Basel III be implemented by January 1, 2015. According to the new rules, the mandatory Tier 1 common capital ratio would be 7%. Banks should maintain conservation buffer of 2. 5% and reserves amounting to 8. 5% of assets. Therefore, in order for Bank of America to meet the future requirements and be well capitalized in face of potential financial meltdowns, it should hold more and better quality capital, carry more liquid ssets, and limit leverage. ( , ) Investment portfolio The net unrealized gains on HTM securities of $177 million = $181 million + ($4) million that have not been recognized in OCI as of the end of 2011 are attributable to HTM securities that have not been deemed other than temporarily (OTT) i mpaired, so that amortized cost is the carrying value. Amortized cost is a highly limited valuation basis for risky securities. There was very little mention of reclassification in Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s 10-K. There was a mention of a reclassification of $26. billion primarily due to noninterest earning equity securities being moved from trading account assets to other assets, but no mention of anything else. Impact of the FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2 on OTTI Bank of America According to FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2, banks are allowed to report non-credit related OTTI in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). Only credit-related OTTI is recognized in net income. The Total OTTI losses (unrealized and realized) for 2011 is $360 million, and portion of other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income is about $61 millions.The net amount is $299 million which is recognized in earnings on AFS debt securities in 2011, compared to $970 million on AFS debt and mark etable equity securities in 2010. When we compute the regulatory Tier One Capital, the unrealized losses on AFS investments are (added back) excluded. Thus, the $61 million is added back to calculate the Tier One Capital. With adding back, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is 12. 40% as shown on 2011 Y9C. In absence of adding back, the ratio is (159,231,999-61,000)/ 1,284,466,933=12. 39%. JP Morgan Chase For JP Morgan Chase, the10K shows Total other-than-temporary impairment losses for are 27, 94, nd 946 million for year 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively. ( ) However, it doesnââ¬â¢t divide these amounts into credit-related portion and non-credit related portion. Based on the other two banks examples, we can infer that the Tier One Capital for JP Morgan Chase will go up after adoption. Citi Group Citigroup also adopted the same rules above in first quarter of 2009. As a result of the FSP, Companyââ¬â¢s Consolidated Statement of Income reflects the full impairment on debt securiti es that the Company intends to sell or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis.As a result of the adoption of the FSP, Citigroupââ¬â¢s income in the first quarter of 2009 was higher by $631 million on a pretax basis ($391 million on an after-tax basis) and AOCI was decreased by a corresponding amount. However, 2011 10K does not gives details about regarding the credit loss component of OTTI in 2011. When we compute the regulatory Tier One Capital for Citigroup, the unrealized losses from non-credit loss component on debt securities are (added back) excluded, which leads to an increase in Tier One Capital.Netting Financial Instruments | à | Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| IFRS(Before netting)| Total assets| 2,130,796| 3,976,317| 2,749,470| | Total debt| 1,900,695| 3,792,742| 2,564,671| | Total equity| 230,101| 183,575| 184,799| | Leverage ratio| 8. 26| 20. 66| 13. 88| GAAP(After netting)| Total assets| 2,129,046| 2,265,792| 1,873,878| | Total debt| 1,898,945| 2,082,219| 1,694,305| | Total equity| 230,101| 183,573| 179,573| | Leverage ratio| 8. 25| 11. 34| 9. 44| Table 4 Netting Adjustments for Three Banks in 2011 Bank of AmericaAccording to Note 4ââ¬âDerivatives, Bank of America had legally enforceable master netting agreement that would reduce both derivative assets and derivative liabilities by the same amount of 1,749. 9 million, respectively. Moreover, cash collateral was applied to net off derivative assets by 58. 9 million and derivative liabilities by 51. 9 million, respectively. However, the reduction caused by cash collateral wouldnââ¬â¢t affect total assets and total liabilities. If Band of America were to adopt IFRS, it would report higher gross derivative assets and liabilities by an increase of 1,749. million. However, the adjustment (1,749. 9 million) was insignificant compared to Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s total asset base (2,129,046 million, about 0. 08%). Th erefore, the leverage ratio would only increase slightly due to this change, from 8. 25 under GAAP to 8. 26 under IFRS. Comparable banks J. P. Morgan Chaseââ¬â¢s gross derivative assets were offset by 1,710,525 million netting adjustments and gross derivative liabilities by 1,710,523. Such adjustments almost made up of 75% of Chaseââ¬â¢s total asset base which is 2,265,792 million.Therefore, if to adopt IFRS, Chase would record a much higher assets and liabilities up to 3,976,317 million and 3,792,742 million, respectively. Leverage ratio, accordingly, would rise from 11. 34 to 20. 66, with an almost doubled increase. Citi Groupââ¬â¢s netting adjustments of 875,592 million against derivative assets made up 46. 7% of total assets, and 870,366 million against derivative liabilities made up 33. 9% of total liabilities. When adopting IFRS, Citi would report a higher assets and liabilities, with its leveraging ratio growing from 9. 44 to 13. 88 due to the significant amount of t he netting adjustments. Analysis of the impactFrom the above table, we can see that Bank of America was merely affected by the presentation of netting financial instruments, while the other two banks were greatly affected in terms of leverage ratio. The main reason to such a distinguished difference is that Bank of America had the smallest investment in derivative instruments, compared to Chase and Citi. The gross approach would definitely give a more comprehensive picture of banksââ¬â¢ derivative instruments; however, it would overstate risk to some extent. Market risk of the derivative positions can be better evaluated using the gross presentation which is more detailed.Firstly, net figures are by far more relevant metrics than the gross amounts. Naturally, this comes about from looking to the way that derivatives are traded under an enforceable master netting agreement. The master netting agreement allows for the aggregation of all trades and the replacement by a single net am ount. Secondly, another metric to measure derivative portfolios is volatility which is driven by the risk of open market positions and the potential changes in net asset values and not the size of gross derivatives amounts.Therefore, gross balance sheet amounts are not particularly useful indicators of how much net derivative asset values would have to change before solvency is affected. Finally, as the third most important metric when evaluating the risks, collateral together with cash settlement procedures results in a liquidity profile that is more aligned with net presentation. Collateral amounts further reduce the risks and have to be taken into consideration for reporting derivatives Fair Value Accounting for Financial InstrumentsFair value accounting From table 5 and the three computation tables in Appendix, we can see that under Full Fair Value method, Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s net income would grow from 1,446 million to 2,750 million, an increase of 90. 2%. Similarly, Citi w ould experience an increase of 128. 2% in net income from 11,067 million to 25,257 million. However, full fair value method had insignificant impact on Chase, with a total adjustment of 1,773 million compared to its pre-adjustment net income of 18,976 million.In millions| Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| 6,127 | 1,140 | 12,000 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| -4,819 | 633 | 2,190 | Total adjustment| 1,308 | 1,773 | 14,190 | Net income as per financial statements| 1,446 | 18,976 | 11,215 | Full fair value income with information available| 2,754 | 20,749 | 25,405 | * Table 5 Summary of the Fair Value IncomeAnother thing to note is that BOA stands out as it had a significant unrealized loss of 4,819 million on AFS, while its comparable banks, Chase and Citi, had a positive gain of 633 million and 2,190 million, respectively. Based on our analysis, su ch difference was driven by the following factors. (1). According to its disclosure, Bank of America recognized $299 million of other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses in earnings on AFS debt securities in 2011 compared to $970 million on AFS debt and marketable equity securities in 2010, which contributes greatly in such a large amount of unrealized loss on AFS.The recognition of OTTI losses on AFS debt and marketable equity securities is based on a variety of factors, including the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than amortized cost, the financial condition of the issuer of the security including credit ratings and any specific events affecting the operations of the issuer, underlying assets that collateralize the debt security, other industry and macroeconomic conditions, and managementââ¬â¢s intent and ability to hold the security to recovery. (2).According to its disclosure, Bank of America presents debt securities purchased for longer term investment purposes which are as part of asset and liability management (ALM) and other strategic activities, as available-for-sale (AFS) securities, and report these securities at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated OCI. In 2011, the fair value of net ALM contracts decreased $7. 9 billion to a gain of $4. 7 billion, compared to $12. 6 billion in 2010. The decrease was primarily attributable to changes in the value of U. S. dollar-denominated pay-fixed interest rate swaps of $9. billion, foreign exchange contracts of $1. 8 billion and foreign exchange basis swaps of $1. 4 billion. The decrease was partially offset by a gain from the changes in the value of U. S. dollar-denominated receive-fixed interest rate swaps of $6. 6 billion. Opinions about fair value accounting Fair Value Accounting has many advantages and disadvantages as listed below. FVA advantages include the following: FVA depicts a clearer picture of the companyââ¬â¢s financi al situation, as it provides an accurate asset and liability valuation as the prices are reflected in the market price.Fair value accounting limits managersââ¬â¢ ability to manipulate the reported net income, as the gains and losses are reported in the period they occur, not when they are realized as the result of a transaction. For Level 1 & 2, the price for financial instruments, are available in a liquid market. While under amortized accounting method, firms can manage their income through the selective realization of cumulative unrealized gains and losses on positions, an activity referred to as gains trading.FVA provides investors with more accurate, timely, and comparable financial information versus other alternative accounting approaches, even during extreme market conditions. Gains & losses resulting from changes in fair value estimates indicate economic events that companies and investors may find worthy of additional disclosures. Under amortized accounting, income typi cally is persistent for as long as firms hold positions, but becomes transitory when positions mature or are disposed of and firms replace them with new positions at current market terms.Disadvantages of FVA include: The price for certain assets and liabilities may fluctuate often, resulting in higher volatility than other accounting methods. When the market is volatile, the price for financial instruments may change a lot, so companies may recognize gains/losses. This volatility of earnings would make it more difficult for users to predict future performance and make regulatory capital ratio vary dramatically across periods. A solution for this disadvantage is regulatory capital should be delinked from fair value and reported by using historic cost information.After the market stabilizes, the price may change back to the normal level. Not every asset or liability can be easily fair valued. For financial instruments in level 3, there is no fair value in the liquidity market. Manager s need model to estimate the value of financial instruments in level 3. Using fair value accounting may have adverse effect on a down market. Companies may sell some financial instruments whose value decreased because of the drop in the current market price. They may not realize the drop without the fair value accounting.The market may stabilize over time, and the price for the financial instruments will return to their normal level. Another issue with fair value accounting is that when the market for instruments freezes up and thereââ¬â¢s no liquidity in the market, financial instruments would have to be valued by using mark-to-model which in many situations are not reliable and transparent to investors. A solution to this is that regulators provide more specific guidance on how to determine fair value for financial statements.Disclosure requirements would include disclosure of fair value of all financial instruments along with method adopted to determine fair values, any signif icant assumptions used in their estimation, some indications of the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to these assumptions, and discussion of risk exposure and issues associated with the estimation of fair value. In addition, fair value accounting has very significant feedback effects, especially during financial crisis.Fair value accounting would further contribute to the deterioration in the value of a companyââ¬â¢s financial instruments or assets and make it more difficult for companies to recover from the crisis. Recommendation here is that in special situations, regulators would allow companies that face severe crisis to adopt other accounting methods temporarily and minimize the loss of these companies. In summary, fair value has both advantages and disadvantages under todayââ¬â¢s economy. FVA provides better insight of the financial statements, in ddition to limiting the potential for manipulation. However, in my opinion, under todayââ¬â¢s economy situation, it is hard to fully implement the fair value accounting. Every disadvantage has proposed solutions to resolve the issues identified. Overall, FVA is recommended for use. Interest Rate Risk and Net Interest Earnings Net interest margin The net interest yield on a FTE basis was 2. 48 percent for 2011 compared to 2. 78 percent for 2010. Net interest income on a FTE basis decreased $7. 1 billion in 2011 to $45. 6 billion. The decline was primarily due to: (1).Thereââ¬â¢s a noticeable decrease in the yield on consumer loans from 6. 04% in 2010 to 5. 37% in 2011, which reduces net interest income by about 4,244 million (633,507 million * 0. 57%). * Debt securities and residential mortgage mainly contributed to the decline. The yield rate for debt securities decreased from 3. 66% to 2. 85%, and the residential mortgage from 4. 78% to 4. 18%. (2). Noninterest income declined from the previous year due to lower mortgage banking income, reflecting$11. 6 billion in representations and warrant ies costs and decline of $3. billion income from trading account profits. Noninterest income being the major source of Bank of America's income drastically impacts the profitability of the company. (3). In 2011 Bank of America had a decreased investment security yields, including the acceleration of purchase premium amortization from an increase in modeled prepayment expectations, and increased hedge ineffectiveness. (4). Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s declining net interest margin was partially offset by ongoing reductions in its debt footprint and lower rates paid on deposits.The total U. S interest-bearing deposits had an average yield of 0. 36%, compared to 0. 55% in 2008. Such downward trend in net interest margin can be observed in other banks as well. The following table presents total interest-earning assets rate and total interest-bearing liabilities for all three banks over 2009 to 2011. As shown, all banks experienced a decline in interest-earning assets rate over three years: 1) BOA from 4. 31% in 2009 to 3. 65% in 2011, with an average decrease of 8% every year; 2) Chase from 4. 04% to 3. 1%, with an average decrease of 6. 8%; 3) Citi from 4. 78% to 4. 27%, with an average decrease of 5. 5%. The main reasons for the other two banksââ¬â¢ declining net interest margin were higher deposit balances with lower loan yields. | Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| | 2011| 2010| 2009| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2011| 2010| 2009| Total interest-earning assets rate| 3. 65%| 4. 02%| 4. 31%| 3. 51%| 3. 83%| 4. 04%| 4. 27%| 4. 55%| 4. 78%| Total interest-bearing liabilities| 1. 39%| 1. 39%| 1. 77%| 0. 86%| 0. 84%| 1. 02%| 1. 63%| 1. 61%| 1. 3%| Table 6 Net Interest Margin of Three Banks Interest rate risk BOAââ¬â¢s net interest income decreased by $2,122 million in 2011 and $998 million in 2010 from a 1% downward parallel shift in interest rate. 1% downward change in interest rate results in a bigger decrease in net interest income in 2011 than in 2010. However , according Chaseââ¬â¢s 10K, downward 100bps parallel shocks result in a Federal Funds target rate of zero and negative three- and six-month treasury rates. The earnings-at-risk results of such a low-probability scenario are not meaningful.For Citi, a 100 bps decrease in interest rates would imply negative rates for the yield curve, so not meaningful either. 1% downward shift| 2011| 2010| BOA| ($2,122)| ($998)| JP Morgan Chase| NM| NM| Citi Group| NM| NM| Table 7 The Impact of 1% downward shift on Net Interest Income BOAââ¬â¢s net interest income would increase by $1,505 million in 2011 and $601 million in 2010 from a 1% upward parallel shift in interest rate. The same as downward change, 1% upward change in interest rate also would result in a bigger increase in the net interest income in 2011 than in 2010.Compared with BOA, 1% upward shift in interest rate has a bigger impact for Chase and smaller impact for Citi. 1% upward shift| 2011| 2010| Bank of America| $1,505 | $601 | JP Morgan Chase| $2,326 | $1,483 | Citi Group| $97 | ($105)| Table 8 The Impact of 1% Upward Shift on Net Interest Income Credit Risk and Losses Main loss reserve adequacy ratios Policy to designate past due loans as non-performing Adequacy of the bankââ¬â¢s allowance for loan losses Disclosure policies relating to loans Appendix BOAIn $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Held-to maturity debt securities| 35,265 | 35,442 | 427 | 427 | 177 | ââ¬â | 177 | Loans| 870,520 | 843,392 | 876,739 | 861,695 | (27,128)| (15,044)| (12,084)| Total assets| 905,785 | 878,834 | 877,166 | 862,122 | (26,951)| (15,044)| (11,907)| Liabilities:| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Deposits| 1,033,041 | 1,033,248 | 1,010,430 | 1,010,460 | 207 | 30 | 177 | Long-term debt| 372,265 | 343,211 | 448,431 | 441,672 | (29,0 54)| (6,759)| (22,295)| Total liabilities| 1,405,306 | 1,376,459 | 1,458,861 | 1,452,132 | (28,847)| (6,729)| (22,118)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,896 | (8,315)| 10,211 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? ? | 6,127 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI? | Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (4,270)| Aftertax adjustment for CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (549)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,308 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,446 | Full fair value income with information available| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2,754 | JP Morgan ChaseIn $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Loans| 696,100 | 695,800 | 660,700 | 663,500 | (300)| 2,800 | (3,100)| Other| 66,300 | 66,800 | 64,900 | 65,000 | 500 | 100 | 400 | Total assets| 762,400 | 762,600 | 725,600 | 728,500 | 200 | 2,900 | (2,700)| Liabilities:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |Deposits| 1,127,800 | 1,128,300 | 930,400 | 931,500 | 500 | 1,100 | (600)| Accounts payable and other liabilities| 167,000 | 166,900 | 138,200 | 138,200 | (100)| ââ¬â | (100)| Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs| 66,000 | 66,200 | 77,600 | 77,900 | 200 | 300 | (100)| Long-term debt and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures| 256,800 | 254,200 | 270,700 | 271,900 | (2,600)| 1,200 | (3,800)| Total liabilities| 1,617,600 | 1,615,600 | 1,416,900 | 1,419,500 | (2,000)| 2,600 | (4,600)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? ? | ? | 2,200 | 300 | 1,900 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,140 | Adjustment s for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,067 | Aftertax adjustment for CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (279)| Cash flow hedge| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (155)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,773 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 18,976 | Full fair value income with information available| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 20,749 | Citi Group In $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet? | Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Investment| 293,400 | 292,400 | 318,200 | 319,000 | (1,000)| 800 | (1,800)| Loans| 614,600 | 603,900 | 605,500 | 584,300 | (10,700)| (21,200)| 10,500 | Total assets| 908,000 | 896,300 | 923,700 | 903,300 | (11,700)| (20,400)| 8,700 | Liabilities:| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Deposits| 865,900 | 865,800 | 845,000 | 843,200 | (100)| (1,800)| 1,700 | Long-term debt| 323,500 | 313,800 | 381,200 | 384,500 | (9,700)| 3,300 | (13,000)| Total liabilities| 1,189,400 | 1,179,600 | 1,226,200 | 1,227,700 | (9,800)| 1,500 | (11,300)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | (1,900)| (21,900)| 20,000 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 12,000 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2,360 | Cash flow hedge| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (170)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 14,190 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 11,215 | Full fair value income with information available| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 25,405 | Financial Analysis of Bank of America Financial Statement Analysis of Bank of America Group 1 Chen, Yelin Dong, Xiaoxu Gransbach, Jennifer Shuai, Wang Weiss, Charles 1Financial Statements of Bank of America1 1. 1Balance sheet1 1. 2Income statement2 1. 3Regulatory capital ratios2 1. 4Investment portfolio2 1. 5Impact of the FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2 on OTTI3 1. 5. 1Bank of America3 1. 5. 2JP Morgan Chase3 1. 5. 3Citi Group3 1. 6Netting Financial Instruments3 1. 6. 1Bank of America4 1. 6. 2Comparable banks4 1. 6. 3Analysis of the impact4 2Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments4 2. Fair value accounting4 Table 6 Summary of the Fair Value Income5 2. 2Opinions about fair value accounting5 3Interest Rate Risk and Net Interest Earnings6 3. 1Net interest margin6 3. 2Interest rate risk7 4Credit Risk and Losses7 4. 1Main loss reserve adequacy ratios8 4. 2Policy to designate past due loans as non-performing8 4. 3Adequacy of the bankââ¬â¢s allowance for loan losses8 4. 4Disclosure policies relating to loans8 5Appendix9 * Part 1 Financial Statements of Bank of America . 1. 1 Balance sheetBank of Americaââ¬â¢s balance sheet has total assets of $2,129,046 million in 2011, which is less than last yearââ¬â¢s $2,264,909 million, a fairly significant decline. There are a few primary assets on the balance sheet. The largest asset is loans and leases which makes up 41. 92% of the total assets. The next largest asset was Available-For-Sale securities making up 12. 97% of total assets. Total liabilities on the balance sheet were $1,898,945 million, with the primary liability being deposits in U. S. offices both interest bearing and noninterest bearing, at 50. 4% of total liabilities. The next largest liability was long-term debt at 19. % of total liabilities. In millions| 2011| % of total assets| 2010| % of total assets| % chg from 2010-2011| Total asset| 2,029,046 | 100. 00%| 2,264,909 | 100. 00%| -10. 41%| Loans and leases| 892,417 | 43. 98%| 898,555 | 39. 67%| -0. 68%| Available-for-sale| 276,151 | 13. 61%| 337,627 | 14. 91%| -18. 21%| Total liabilities| 1,898,945 | 93. 59%| 2,036,661 | 89. 92%| -6. 76%| Total deposits| 1,033,041 | 50. 91%| 1,010,430 | 44. 61%| 2. 24%| Deposits in U. S. offices| 957,042 | 47. 17%| 930,913 | 41. 10%| 2. 81%| Long-term debt| 372,265 | 18. 35%| 448,431 | 19. 80%| -16. 98%| Leverage ratio| 14. 0 | ? | 8. 92 | ? | 63. 58%| Table 1 Selected Financial Data from Balance Sheet of Bank of America Chase and Citi are fairly similar in size and distribution of their balance sheets. Chase and Citi have total assets of 2,265,792 and 1,873,878( ) respectively, both with slightly lower loans as a percentage of total assets at slightly over 30%, while AFS securities are around 16% of total assets for each. Liabilities are also very similar, with Chase having total liabilities of $2,082,219 million and Citi $1,694,305 million. The primary line items are also very similar once again with Chaseââ¬â¢s total deposits 54. 6% and long-term debt 22. 77% of total lia bilities, while Citi has deposits 51. 11% and long-term debt of 19. 09%. According to the deposits in U. S. offices, BOA focus more in U. S market and Citi focus more on market outside U. S. In millions| Bank of America| % of total assets| JP Morgan Chase| % of total assets| Citi Group| % of total assets| Total asset| 2,129,046 | 100. 00%| 2,265,792 | 100. 00%| 1,873,878 | 100. 00%| Loans and leases| 892,417 | 41. 92%| 696,111 | 30. 72%| 617,127 | 32. 93%| Available-for-sale| 276,151 | 12. 97%| 364,793 | 16. 10%| 293,413 | 15. 66%| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |In millions| Bank of America| % of total liabilities| JP Morgan Chase| % of total liabilities| Citi Group| % of total liabilities| Total liabilities| 1,898,945 | 100. 00%| 2,082,219 | 100. 00%| 1,694,305 | 100. 00%| Total deposits| 1,033,041 | 54. 40%| 1,127,806 | 54. 16%| 865,936 | 51. 11%| Long-term debt| 372,265 | 19. 60%| 256,775 | 22. 77%| 3,235,050 | 190. 94%| Leverage ratio| 8. 25 | ? | 11. 34 | ? | 9. 44 | ? | | | | | | | | In millions| Bank of America| % of total deposits| JP Morgan Chase| % of total deposits| Citi Group| % of total deposits| Deposits in U. S. offices| 957,042 | 92. 64%| 851,534 | 75. 0%| 343,288 | 39. 64%| Table 2 Selected Financial Data from Balance Sheets of Three Banks in 2011 In the event of a bank run, Bank of America will be in trouble due to its high leverage, similar to many banks. Bank of America has deposits of $1,033,041 million, among which liquid assets only have $314,425 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $120,102 million, time deposits and other short-term investments of $26,004 million and trading assets of $169,319 million. Even with the ability to liquidate those non-cash assets, it will still only be able to honor slightly more than 30% of its depositors.Income statement The primary line item on Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s income statement is net income of $1,446 million, which increased compared to a net loss of 2,238 in 2010. Interest income was $66 ,236 million, down from $75,497 million in 2010. Total interest expense was $21,620 million, which makes the net interest income become $44,616 million, down 13. 4% from the previous year. Lastly, total noninterest income was $48,838 million, decreased by 16. 8% from 2010. This is partly due to the big loss of mortgage banking income, decreasing from $2,734 million in 2010 to $(8,830) million in 2011.Chase and Citi had similar trends, both slightly increasing their bottom line while having net interest income decrease slightly. Regulatory capital ratios 2011| Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| To be well capitalized| Leverage ratio| 7. 53%| 6. 80%| 7. 19%| 5%| Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio| 12. 40%| 12. 30%| 13. 55%| 6%| Total risk-based| 16. 75%| 15. 40%| 16. 99%| 10%| Table 3 Regulatory Capital Ratios of Three Banks in 2011 In 2011, Bank of America was considered well capitalized for all three regulatory ratiosââ¬âTier 1 capital, risk-based capital and leverage.Ba nk of America slightly increased all of its ratios from 2010 to 2011. Its tier 1 capital ratio was 12. 4% while 6% is considered well capitalized, its risk based capital ratio was 16. 75% while 10% is considered well capitalized, and its leverage ratio was 7. 53% while 5% is considered well capitalized. ( Table 4, Table 3) Chase and Citi had very similar ratios to Bank of America. Chase was slightly below Bank of America and Citi for all three ratios but still well above the floor to be well capitalized.Citi had a slightly lower leverage ratio and slightly higher tier 1 capital and risk based capital ratios. Regulatory ratios are fairly important; however there are some issues with them. The ratios are backwards looking, so there could be a large amount of change since in the numbers. There are also lots of adjustments made by the company to the different numbers that make up the ratio that might not even make sense such as ignoring AFS losses. The current risk weighting is also ve ry simplistic currently and might not reflect the actual risk of the assets.One important thing to note is that the newly released Basel III norms by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) would require a higher regulatory capital ratio on banks. It is recommended that Basel III be implemented by January 1, 2015. According to the new rules, the mandatory Tier 1 common capital ratio would be 7%. Banks should maintain conservation buffer of 2. 5% and reserves amounting to 8. 5% of assets. Therefore, in order for Bank of America to meet the future requirements and be well capitalized in face of potential financial meltdowns, it should hold more and better quality capital, carry more liquid ssets, and limit leverage. ( , ) Investment portfolio The net unrealized gains on HTM securities of $177 million = $181 million + ($4) million that have not been recognized in OCI as of the end of 2011 are attributable to HTM securities that have not been deemed other than temporarily (OTT) i mpaired, so that amortized cost is the carrying value. Amortized cost is a highly limited valuation basis for risky securities. There was very little mention of reclassification in Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s 10-K. There was a mention of a reclassification of $26. billion primarily due to noninterest earning equity securities being moved from trading account assets to other assets, but no mention of anything else. Impact of the FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2 on OTTI Bank of America According to FSP FAS 115-2 and FAS 124-2, banks are allowed to report non-credit related OTTI in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI). Only credit-related OTTI is recognized in net income. The Total OTTI losses (unrealized and realized) for 2011 is $360 million, and portion of other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income is about $61 millions.The net amount is $299 million which is recognized in earnings on AFS debt securities in 2011, compared to $970 million on AFS debt and mark etable equity securities in 2010. When we compute the regulatory Tier One Capital, the unrealized losses on AFS investments are (added back) excluded. Thus, the $61 million is added back to calculate the Tier One Capital. With adding back, Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio is 12. 40% as shown on 2011 Y9C. In absence of adding back, the ratio is (159,231,999-61,000)/ 1,284,466,933=12. 39%. JP Morgan Chase For JP Morgan Chase, the10K shows Total other-than-temporary impairment losses for are 27, 94, nd 946 million for year 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively. ( ) However, it doesnââ¬â¢t divide these amounts into credit-related portion and non-credit related portion. Based on the other two banks examples, we can infer that the Tier One Capital for JP Morgan Chase will go up after adoption. Citi Group Citigroup also adopted the same rules above in first quarter of 2009. As a result of the FSP, Companyââ¬â¢s Consolidated Statement of Income reflects the full impairment on debt securiti es that the Company intends to sell or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis.As a result of the adoption of the FSP, Citigroupââ¬â¢s income in the first quarter of 2009 was higher by $631 million on a pretax basis ($391 million on an after-tax basis) and AOCI was decreased by a corresponding amount. However, 2011 10K does not gives details about regarding the credit loss component of OTTI in 2011. When we compute the regulatory Tier One Capital for Citigroup, the unrealized losses from non-credit loss component on debt securities are (added back) excluded, which leads to an increase in Tier One Capital.Netting Financial Instruments | à | Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| IFRS(Before netting)| Total assets| 2,130,796| 3,976,317| 2,749,470| | Total debt| 1,900,695| 3,792,742| 2,564,671| | Total equity| 230,101| 183,575| 184,799| | Leverage ratio| 8. 26| 20. 66| 13. 88| GAAP(After netting)| Total assets| 2,129,046| 2,265,792| 1,873,878| | Total debt| 1,898,945| 2,082,219| 1,694,305| | Total equity| 230,101| 183,573| 179,573| | Leverage ratio| 8. 25| 11. 34| 9. 44| Table 4 Netting Adjustments for Three Banks in 2011 Bank of AmericaAccording to Note 4ââ¬âDerivatives, Bank of America had legally enforceable master netting agreement that would reduce both derivative assets and derivative liabilities by the same amount of 1,749. 9 million, respectively. Moreover, cash collateral was applied to net off derivative assets by 58. 9 million and derivative liabilities by 51. 9 million, respectively. However, the reduction caused by cash collateral wouldnââ¬â¢t affect total assets and total liabilities. If Band of America were to adopt IFRS, it would report higher gross derivative assets and liabilities by an increase of 1,749. million. However, the adjustment (1,749. 9 million) was insignificant compared to Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s total asset base (2,129,046 million, about 0. 08%). Th erefore, the leverage ratio would only increase slightly due to this change, from 8. 25 under GAAP to 8. 26 under IFRS. Comparable banks J. P. Morgan Chaseââ¬â¢s gross derivative assets were offset by 1,710,525 million netting adjustments and gross derivative liabilities by 1,710,523. Such adjustments almost made up of 75% of Chaseââ¬â¢s total asset base which is 2,265,792 million.Therefore, if to adopt IFRS, Chase would record a much higher assets and liabilities up to 3,976,317 million and 3,792,742 million, respectively. Leverage ratio, accordingly, would rise from 11. 34 to 20. 66, with an almost doubled increase. Citi Groupââ¬â¢s netting adjustments of 875,592 million against derivative assets made up 46. 7% of total assets, and 870,366 million against derivative liabilities made up 33. 9% of total liabilities. When adopting IFRS, Citi would report a higher assets and liabilities, with its leveraging ratio growing from 9. 44 to 13. 88 due to the significant amount of t he netting adjustments. Analysis of the impactFrom the above table, we can see that Bank of America was merely affected by the presentation of netting financial instruments, while the other two banks were greatly affected in terms of leverage ratio. The main reason to such a distinguished difference is that Bank of America had the smallest investment in derivative instruments, compared to Chase and Citi. The gross approach would definitely give a more comprehensive picture of banksââ¬â¢ derivative instruments; however, it would overstate risk to some extent. Market risk of the derivative positions can be better evaluated using the gross presentation which is more detailed.Firstly, net figures are by far more relevant metrics than the gross amounts. Naturally, this comes about from looking to the way that derivatives are traded under an enforceable master netting agreement. The master netting agreement allows for the aggregation of all trades and the replacement by a single net am ount. Secondly, another metric to measure derivative portfolios is volatility which is driven by the risk of open market positions and the potential changes in net asset values and not the size of gross derivatives amounts.Therefore, gross balance sheet amounts are not particularly useful indicators of how much net derivative asset values would have to change before solvency is affected. Finally, as the third most important metric when evaluating the risks, collateral together with cash settlement procedures results in a liquidity profile that is more aligned with net presentation. Collateral amounts further reduce the risks and have to be taken into consideration for reporting derivatives Fair Value Accounting for Financial InstrumentsFair value accounting From table 5 and the three computation tables in Appendix, we can see that under Full Fair Value method, Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s net income would grow from 1,446 million to 2,750 million, an increase of 90. 2%. Similarly, Citi w ould experience an increase of 128. 2% in net income from 11,067 million to 25,257 million. However, full fair value method had insignificant impact on Chase, with a total adjustment of 1,773 million compared to its pre-adjustment net income of 18,976 million.In millions| Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| 6,127 | 1,140 | 12,000 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| -4,819 | 633 | 2,190 | Total adjustment| 1,308 | 1,773 | 14,190 | Net income as per financial statements| 1,446 | 18,976 | 11,215 | Full fair value income with information available| 2,754 | 20,749 | 25,405 | * Table 5 Summary of the Fair Value IncomeAnother thing to note is that BOA stands out as it had a significant unrealized loss of 4,819 million on AFS, while its comparable banks, Chase and Citi, had a positive gain of 633 million and 2,190 million, respectively. Based on our analysis, su ch difference was driven by the following factors. (1). According to its disclosure, Bank of America recognized $299 million of other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) losses in earnings on AFS debt securities in 2011 compared to $970 million on AFS debt and marketable equity securities in 2010, which contributes greatly in such a large amount of unrealized loss on AFS.The recognition of OTTI losses on AFS debt and marketable equity securities is based on a variety of factors, including the length of time and extent to which the market value has been less than amortized cost, the financial condition of the issuer of the security including credit ratings and any specific events affecting the operations of the issuer, underlying assets that collateralize the debt security, other industry and macroeconomic conditions, and managementââ¬â¢s intent and ability to hold the security to recovery. (2).According to its disclosure, Bank of America presents debt securities purchased for longer term investment purposes which are as part of asset and liability management (ALM) and other strategic activities, as available-for-sale (AFS) securities, and report these securities at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated OCI. In 2011, the fair value of net ALM contracts decreased $7. 9 billion to a gain of $4. 7 billion, compared to $12. 6 billion in 2010. The decrease was primarily attributable to changes in the value of U. S. dollar-denominated pay-fixed interest rate swaps of $9. billion, foreign exchange contracts of $1. 8 billion and foreign exchange basis swaps of $1. 4 billion. The decrease was partially offset by a gain from the changes in the value of U. S. dollar-denominated receive-fixed interest rate swaps of $6. 6 billion. Opinions about fair value accounting Fair Value Accounting has many advantages and disadvantages as listed below. FVA advantages include the following: FVA depicts a clearer picture of the companyââ¬â¢s financi al situation, as it provides an accurate asset and liability valuation as the prices are reflected in the market price.Fair value accounting limits managersââ¬â¢ ability to manipulate the reported net income, as the gains and losses are reported in the period they occur, not when they are realized as the result of a transaction. For Level 1 & 2, the price for financial instruments, are available in a liquid market. While under amortized accounting method, firms can manage their income through the selective realization of cumulative unrealized gains and losses on positions, an activity referred to as gains trading.FVA provides investors with more accurate, timely, and comparable financial information versus other alternative accounting approaches, even during extreme market conditions. Gains & losses resulting from changes in fair value estimates indicate economic events that companies and investors may find worthy of additional disclosures. Under amortized accounting, income typi cally is persistent for as long as firms hold positions, but becomes transitory when positions mature or are disposed of and firms replace them with new positions at current market terms.Disadvantages of FVA include: The price for certain assets and liabilities may fluctuate often, resulting in higher volatility than other accounting methods. When the market is volatile, the price for financial instruments may change a lot, so companies may recognize gains/losses. This volatility of earnings would make it more difficult for users to predict future performance and make regulatory capital ratio vary dramatically across periods. A solution for this disadvantage is regulatory capital should be delinked from fair value and reported by using historic cost information.After the market stabilizes, the price may change back to the normal level. Not every asset or liability can be easily fair valued. For financial instruments in level 3, there is no fair value in the liquidity market. Manager s need model to estimate the value of financial instruments in level 3. Using fair value accounting may have adverse effect on a down market. Companies may sell some financial instruments whose value decreased because of the drop in the current market price. They may not realize the drop without the fair value accounting.The market may stabilize over time, and the price for the financial instruments will return to their normal level. Another issue with fair value accounting is that when the market for instruments freezes up and thereââ¬â¢s no liquidity in the market, financial instruments would have to be valued by using mark-to-model which in many situations are not reliable and transparent to investors. A solution to this is that regulators provide more specific guidance on how to determine fair value for financial statements.Disclosure requirements would include disclosure of fair value of all financial instruments along with method adopted to determine fair values, any signif icant assumptions used in their estimation, some indications of the sensitivity of the estimated fair value to these assumptions, and discussion of risk exposure and issues associated with the estimation of fair value. In addition, fair value accounting has very significant feedback effects, especially during financial crisis.Fair value accounting would further contribute to the deterioration in the value of a companyââ¬â¢s financial instruments or assets and make it more difficult for companies to recover from the crisis. Recommendation here is that in special situations, regulators would allow companies that face severe crisis to adopt other accounting methods temporarily and minimize the loss of these companies. In summary, fair value has both advantages and disadvantages under todayââ¬â¢s economy. FVA provides better insight of the financial statements, in ddition to limiting the potential for manipulation. However, in my opinion, under todayââ¬â¢s economy situation, it is hard to fully implement the fair value accounting. Every disadvantage has proposed solutions to resolve the issues identified. Overall, FVA is recommended for use. Interest Rate Risk and Net Interest Earnings Net interest margin The net interest yield on a FTE basis was 2. 48 percent for 2011 compared to 2. 78 percent for 2010. Net interest income on a FTE basis decreased $7. 1 billion in 2011 to $45. 6 billion. The decline was primarily due to: (1).Thereââ¬â¢s a noticeable decrease in the yield on consumer loans from 6. 04% in 2010 to 5. 37% in 2011, which reduces net interest income by about 4,244 million (633,507 million * 0. 57%). * Debt securities and residential mortgage mainly contributed to the decline. The yield rate for debt securities decreased from 3. 66% to 2. 85%, and the residential mortgage from 4. 78% to 4. 18%. (2). Noninterest income declined from the previous year due to lower mortgage banking income, reflecting$11. 6 billion in representations and warrant ies costs and decline of $3. billion income from trading account profits. Noninterest income being the major source of Bank of America's income drastically impacts the profitability of the company. (3). In 2011 Bank of America had a decreased investment security yields, including the acceleration of purchase premium amortization from an increase in modeled prepayment expectations, and increased hedge ineffectiveness. (4). Bank of Americaââ¬â¢s declining net interest margin was partially offset by ongoing reductions in its debt footprint and lower rates paid on deposits.The total U. S interest-bearing deposits had an average yield of 0. 36%, compared to 0. 55% in 2008. Such downward trend in net interest margin can be observed in other banks as well. The following table presents total interest-earning assets rate and total interest-bearing liabilities for all three banks over 2009 to 2011. As shown, all banks experienced a decline in interest-earning assets rate over three years: 1) BOA from 4. 31% in 2009 to 3. 65% in 2011, with an average decrease of 8% every year; 2) Chase from 4. 04% to 3. 1%, with an average decrease of 6. 8%; 3) Citi from 4. 78% to 4. 27%, with an average decrease of 5. 5%. The main reasons for the other two banksââ¬â¢ declining net interest margin were higher deposit balances with lower loan yields. | Bank of America| JP Morgan Chase| Citi Group| | 2011| 2010| 2009| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2011| 2010| 2009| Total interest-earning assets rate| 3. 65%| 4. 02%| 4. 31%| 3. 51%| 3. 83%| 4. 04%| 4. 27%| 4. 55%| 4. 78%| Total interest-bearing liabilities| 1. 39%| 1. 39%| 1. 77%| 0. 86%| 0. 84%| 1. 02%| 1. 63%| 1. 61%| 1. 3%| Table 6 Net Interest Margin of Three Banks Interest rate risk BOAââ¬â¢s net interest income decreased by $2,122 million in 2011 and $998 million in 2010 from a 1% downward parallel shift in interest rate. 1% downward change in interest rate results in a bigger decrease in net interest income in 2011 than in 2010. However , according Chaseââ¬â¢s 10K, downward 100bps parallel shocks result in a Federal Funds target rate of zero and negative three- and six-month treasury rates. The earnings-at-risk results of such a low-probability scenario are not meaningful.For Citi, a 100 bps decrease in interest rates would imply negative rates for the yield curve, so not meaningful either. 1% downward shift| 2011| 2010| BOA| ($2,122)| ($998)| JP Morgan Chase| NM| NM| Citi Group| NM| NM| Table 7 The Impact of 1% downward shift on Net Interest Income BOAââ¬â¢s net interest income would increase by $1,505 million in 2011 and $601 million in 2010 from a 1% upward parallel shift in interest rate. The same as downward change, 1% upward change in interest rate also would result in a bigger increase in the net interest income in 2011 than in 2010.Compared with BOA, 1% upward shift in interest rate has a bigger impact for Chase and smaller impact for Citi. 1% upward shift| 2011| 2010| Bank of America| $1,505 | $601 | JP Morgan Chase| $2,326 | $1,483 | Citi Group| $97 | ($105)| Table 8 The Impact of 1% Upward Shift on Net Interest Income Credit Risk and Losses Main loss reserve adequacy ratios Policy to designate past due loans as non-performing Adequacy of the bankââ¬â¢s allowance for loan losses Disclosure policies relating to loans Appendix BOAIn $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Held-to maturity debt securities| 35,265 | 35,442 | 427 | 427 | 177 | ââ¬â | 177 | Loans| 870,520 | 843,392 | 876,739 | 861,695 | (27,128)| (15,044)| (12,084)| Total assets| 905,785 | 878,834 | 877,166 | 862,122 | (26,951)| (15,044)| (11,907)| Liabilities:| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Deposits| 1,033,041 | 1,033,248 | 1,010,430 | 1,010,460 | 207 | 30 | 177 | Long-term debt| 372,265 | 343,211 | 448,431 | 441,672 | (29,0 54)| (6,759)| (22,295)| Total liabilities| 1,405,306 | 1,376,459 | 1,458,861 | 1,452,132 | (28,847)| (6,729)| (22,118)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,896 | (8,315)| 10,211 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? ? | 6,127 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI? | Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (4,270)| Aftertax adjustment for CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (549)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,308 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,446 | Full fair value income with information available| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2,754 | JP Morgan ChaseIn $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet| Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Loans| 696,100 | 695,800 | 660,700 | 663,500 | (300)| 2,800 | (3,100)| Other| 66,300 | 66,800 | 64,900 | 65,000 | 500 | 100 | 400 | Total assets| 762,400 | 762,600 | 725,600 | 728,500 | 200 | 2,900 | (2,700)| Liabilities:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |Deposits| 1,127,800 | 1,128,300 | 930,400 | 931,500 | 500 | 1,100 | (600)| Accounts payable and other liabilities| 167,000 | 166,900 | 138,200 | 138,200 | (100)| ââ¬â | (100)| Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs| 66,000 | 66,200 | 77,600 | 77,900 | 200 | 300 | (100)| Long-term debt and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures| 256,800 | 254,200 | 270,700 | 271,900 | (2,600)| 1,200 | (3,800)| Total liabilities| 1,617,600 | 1,615,600 | 1,416,900 | 1,419,500 | (2,000)| 2,600 | (4,600)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? ? | ? | 2,200 | 300 | 1,900 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,140 | Adjustment s for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,067 | Aftertax adjustment for CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (279)| Cash flow hedge| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (155)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 1,773 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 18,976 | Full fair value income with information available| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 20,749 | Citi Group In $ millions| 2011| 2011| 2010| 2010| 2011| 2010| 2011| ? | Carrying Value| Fair Value| Carrying Value| Fair Value| CURG| CURG| URG| Adjustments for assets and liabilities at HC on balance sheet? | Assets:| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Investment| 293,400 | 292,400 | 318,200 | 319,000 | (1,000)| 800 | (1,800)| Loans| 614,600 | 603,900 | 605,500 | 584,300 | (10,700)| (21,200)| 10,500 | Total assets| 908,000 | 896,300 | 923,700 | 903,300 | (11,700)| (20,400)| 8,700 | Liabilities:| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Deposits| 865,900 | 865,800 | 845,000 | 843,200 | (100)| (1,800)| 1,700 | Long-term debt| 323,500 | 313,800 | 381,200 | 384,500 | (9,700)| 3,300 | (13,000)| Total liabilities| 1,189,400 | 1,179,600 | 1,226,200 | 1,227,700 | (9,800)| 1,500 | (11,300)| Pretax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? | ? | ? | ? | (1,900)| (21,900)| 20,000 | Aftertax adjustments before AFS securities and CFH derivatives| ? ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 12,000 | Adjustments for assets and liabilities at FV on balance sheet with gains and losses in OCI| Aftertax adjustment for AFS securities| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2,360 | Cash flow hedge| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | (170)| Total adjustment to net income| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 14,190 | Net income as per financial statements| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 11,215 | Full fair value income with information available| ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | 25,405 | rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-80098105959455664232020-01-10T18:06:00.001-08:002020-01-10T18:06:03.286-08:00Effects of syntax bill to student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology EssayIt is our great honor and respect for those persons who acknowledge to our study about ââ¬Å"The effects of Syntax Bill to selected student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology, SY. 2012-2013â⬠. That we researchers are very thankful to the following: To our English 20 professor Dr. Erly M. Maglangit, for helping we finish our study. And for giving also this very interesting topic with regards to the student smokers here in our School or in this University. To my group who gives their ideas about our research and for their cooperation and teamwork for us to finish our study. To overall students who gives their moral support with regards to this study. To my classmate Genevieve Tagolimot for allowing me to used her laptop. To the parents above all that who are very supportive to their sons and daughters and keeping those sending school every day in this constitution which is the Mindanao University of Science and Technology. Once again, we are very thankful to all of you, without your moral support our studies will not be finish. Abstract For the past days, weeks, and months, SIN-tax Bill has been the content of the news reports on television, radio, and newspapers. It also garnered different reactions and views from different group of citizens, smokers or not. This bill was called SIN-Tax Bill because it proposes additional tax collection to bad vices such as cigarette and liquors. The proponents of the bill have said that it will give large amount of profit to the country as per the Department of Finance. This study purposes to know what the possibilities effects of House Bill 5727 are or what we called Sin Tax Bill. This law was approved by the congress and our President Benigno Simeon Aquino III for this law gives a higher tax or price will be given to the liquors or alcohols and especially to the cigarettes. Our study focuses to the selected student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology and asking question to them on what are the effects of Sin Tax Bill to them as a Smoker. Most of the student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology are not affected of House Bill 5727 or what we called Sin Tax Bill implementation. We also found out that one of the effects of Syntax Bill is the reduction of cigarettes stick of the smokers. That Sin tax bill helps to minimize the students smoker in smoking due to higher price of cigarettes. Even if House Bill 5727 is implemented students smokers in this University are able to continue their studies while others are not able able to focused their lessons if they canââ¬â¢t smoke cigarettes or tobaccos. Lastly, researchers also found out that there is no significant effects of House Bill 5727 or Sin Tax Bill. Though, most of the student smokers passed in all their subjects, but it is wise for them to quit or leave smoking for their healthââ¬â¢s sake. Since, Sin Tax Bill reduces spending of the student smokers it will better for them to quit smoking so they can save spent their money to a very important projects in school. Lastly, it will be better for the school administration to conduct weekly SMOKING SYMPOSIUM about the harmful effects of smoking. à When Sin tax Bill was implemented in the Philippines, tobacco and cigar consumers were stunned whether the said law is in full implementation. Of course, those whose puffs are unavoidable and uncontrollable might oppose to this law. The only interest on their part is the money spent for the cigar. Others smokers disliked the law for it means additional ââ¬Å"TAX INCORPORATED IN THIS BILL BUT THERE IS NO WAY TO ESCAPE THE LAW. SMOKERS MUST COMPLY WITH THE LAWâ⬠. They are not banned to smoke but they will only compromise the increase or value of the cigarette. This is the only means to control the additional burden of the Philippine government. The Philippine government spends billion a year for medicine for those who suffer lung cancer cited from Manila Bulletin, dated January 14, 2013). Based from the DOST, second hand smoking is so dangerous that it will take only few months to notice cancer sickness. This means to say that cancer cells will be triggered when nicotine enters the body direct to the lungs. The usual sicknesses for those who smoke are lung cancer, throat cancer, prostate cancer and anal cancer. Mindanao University of Science and Technology where the study was conducted about the effects of Syntax Bill to the selected student smokersââ¬â¢ wherein the selected studentsââ¬â¢ of MUST are involved. Since, sicknesses and no matter how posts of information in TV and in school campus on SMOKE FREE ZONE school, still without the monitor of the school administration, studentsââ¬â¢ smokers continue their journey towards smoking and the unseen effect in the future. Syntax is a tax levied on a certain goods and services that are seen vices, such as alcohol, tobacco and the like. Syntax is used for taxing activities that are considered undesirable. These types of taxes are levied by the government to discourage individuals from partaking in such activities without making the use of the products illegal. Like other taxes, sin tax also provides a source of government revenue. According to our research, Syntax Bill is often called ââ¬Å"SIN TAXES,â⬠because these taxes are, likewise, aimed at trying to ââ¬Å"dissuade consumers from excessive intake of these potentially harmful products. ââ¬Å"There is no disputing the ââ¬Å"whatâ⬠: House Bill 5727 is a measure that seeks to unify and increase the excise tax rates for alcohol and especially for cigarettes. This is also incites and provokes different responses, simply because this bill, if passed, would mean different things to different people. Manufacturers argue against the measure, primarily, on the following points: (1) it is the low-income earning earner consumers (who can only afford the lower-priced products) who will feel the pinch; (2) the decline in sales (from this segment of the market) will result in decreased production; (3) and that the decrease in production will inevitably lead to massive lay-offs. Smoking is an important risk factor for the three diseases that cause most deaths: heart disease, stroke and lung cancer. It is responsible for around 80% of all lung cancer deaths and 20% of all cancer deaths. Smoking has also been linked to cancers of the mouth, bladder, kidney, stomach and cervix, among other. Smokers are also at increased risk at having reduced lung function from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Using tobacco has been linked a variety of 3 other conditions, such as diabetes, peptic ulcers, some vision problems, and back pain. Smoking in pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, still birth or premature birth. Statement of the Problem The following are the statements of the problem: 1. What are the effects of Syntax bill to the student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology? 2. What are the effects of Syntax bill to the non-smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology? 3. What is their stand as to smoking and studying done simultaneously? 4. Is smoking not a problem of the student smokersââ¬â¢ studies? Importance of the Study Syntax bill is House Bill 5727 which meansââ¬â a measure that seeks to unify and increase the excise tax rates for alcohol and especially for cigarettes. Is it important that we know the effect syntax bill to the selected student smokers of Mindanao University of Science and Technology. This study also asks the students on how the cigarettes, tobacco, and etc. affect their daily life, especially in the field of their studies. rovessioxa1978http://www.blogger.com/profile/06146167857667686242noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5651385045963972624.post-30291382977776454142020-01-02T14:30:00.001-08:002020-01-02T14:30:03.535-08:00Essay Disillusionment With the American Political System The last forty years in America have seen tremendous changes technologically and culturally. Life has become increasingly easier as machines designed to improve living standards proliferated. Communications and travel capabilities have advanced dramatically, with long distance phone calls a thing of the past. Computers and smart phones have made an infinite amount of information readily available to students who can now conduct their research from anywhere. Socially the changes have been just as tremendous, though perhaps not always for the better. Divorce rates have skyrocketed. Children frequently massacre one another on school grounds. The income inequality gap has steadily risen. Overall, Americans are feeling less connected toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If this does happen, if social apathy is any way mended as a result of online communications forums, it is most likely that it will have a direct effect on political apathy as well. As political participation is dependent on the social connectedness of its citizens, one cannot change without affecting the other. Political Participation Model Political participation is a highly-varied and complex issue. While voter turnout may be the easiest form of it to quantify, the whole of political participation is not summed up by who votes and who does not. An individual may not choose to vote, but instead choose to contribute either their time or money to a campaign, or contact their elected official, or attend a demonstration, or volunteer on a community action committee, or participate in the activities of an interest group, etc. Even with all of the different forms of political participation, there is a good model for predicting which individuals will be the most politically active. While participants need to have one or all of the following - time (i.e. voting, volunteering), money (i.e. contributing to campaigns or interest groups), or skills (i.e. working on a community action committee)1 - predicting who will participate can be even more specific. Certain characteristics of both individuals and social groups help to determine the likelihood of high rates of political involvement. 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